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several new kerberos related libraries and applications to FreeBSD:
o kgetcred(1) allows one to manually get a ticket for a particular service.
o kf(1) securily forwards ticket to another host through an authenticated
and encrypted stream.
o kcc(1) is an umbrella program around klist(1), kswitch(1), kgetcred(1)
and other user kerberos operations. klist and kswitch are just symlinks
to kcc(1) now.
o kswitch(1) allows you to easily switch between kerberos credentials if
you're running KCM.
o hxtool(1) is a certificate management tool to use with PKINIT.
o string2key(1) maps a password into key.
o kdigest(8) is a userland tool to access the KDC's digest interface.
o kimpersonate(8) creates a "fake" ticket for a service.
We also now install manpages for some lirbaries that were not installed
before, libheimntlm and libhx509.
- The new HEIMDAL version no longer supports Kerberos 4. All users are
recommended to switch to Kerberos 5.
- Weak ciphers are now disabled by default. To enable DES support (used
by telnet(8)), use "allow_weak_crypto" option in krb5.conf.
- libtelnet, pam_ksu and pam_krb5 are now compiled with error on warnings
disabled due to the function they use (krb5_get_err_text(3)) being
deprecated. I plan to work on this next.
- Heimdal's KDC now require sqlite to operate. We use the bundled version
and install it as libheimsqlite. If some other FreeBSD components will
require it in the future we can rename it to libbsdsqlite and use for these
components as well.
- This is not a latest Heimdal version, the new one was released while I was
working on the update. I will update it to 1.5.2 soon, as it fixes some
important bugs and security issues.
315 lines
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315 lines
13 KiB
Plaintext
@c $Id$
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@node Windows compatibility, Programming with Kerberos, Kerberos 4 issues, Top
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@chapter Windows compatibility
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Microsoft Windows, starting from version 2000 (formerly known as Windows NT 5), implements Kerberos 5. Their implementation, however, has some quirks,
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peculiarities, and bugs. This chapter is a short summary of the compatibility
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issues between Heimdal and various Windows versions.
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The big problem with the Kerberos implementation in Windows
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is that the available documentation is more focused on getting
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things to work rather than how they work, and not that useful in figuring
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out how things really work. It's of course subject to change all the time and
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mostly consists of our not so inspired guesses. Hopefully it's still
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somewhat useful.
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@menu
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* Configuring Windows to use a Heimdal KDC::
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* Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows and a Heimdal KDC::
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* Create account mappings::
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* Encryption types::
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* Authorisation data::
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* Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC::
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* Useful links when reading about the Windows::
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@end menu
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@node Configuring Windows to use a Heimdal KDC, Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows and a Heimdal KDC, Windows compatibility, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, precious, up
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@section Configuring Windows to use a Heimdal KDC
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You need the command line program called @command{ksetup.exe}. This program comes with the Windows Support Tools, available from either the installation CD-ROM (@file{SUPPORT/TOOLS/SUPPORT.CAB}), or from Microsoft web site. Starting from Windows 2008, it is already installed. This program is used to configure the Kerberos settings on a Workstation.
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@command{Ksetup} store the domain information under the registry key:
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@code{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA\Kerberos\Domains}.
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Use the @command{kadmin} program in Heimdal to create a host principal in the
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Kerberos realm.
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@example
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unix% kadmin
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kadmin> ank --password=password host/datan.example.com
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@end example
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The name @samp{datan.example.com} should be replaced with DNS name of
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the workstation.
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You must configure the workstation as a member of a workgroup, as opposed
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to a member in an NT domain, and specify the KDC server of the realm
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as follows:
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@example
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C:> ksetup /setdomain EXAMPLE.COM
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C:> ksetup /addkdc EXAMPLE.COM kdc.example.com
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@end example
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Set the machine password, i.e.@: create the local keytab:
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@example
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C:> ksetup /SetComputerPassword password
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@end example
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The password used in @kbd{ksetup /setmachpassword} must be the same
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as the password used in the @kbd{kadmin ank} command.
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The workstation must now be rebooted.
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A mapping between local NT users and Kerberos principals must be specified.
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You have two choices. First:
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@example
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C:> ksetup /mapuser user@@MY.REALM nt_user
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@end example
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This will map a user to a specific principal; this allows you to have
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other usernames in the realm than in your NT user database. (Don't ask
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me why on earth you would want that@enddots{})
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You can also say:
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@example
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C:> ksetup /mapuser * *
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@end example
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The Windows machine will now map any user to the corresponding principal,
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for example @samp{nisse} to the principal @samp{nisse@@MY.REALM}.
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(This is most likely what you want.)
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@node Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows and a Heimdal KDC, Create account mappings, Configuring Windows to use a Heimdal KDC, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, precious, up
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@section Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows and a Heimdal KDC
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See also the Step-by-Step guide from Microsoft, referenced below.
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Install Windows, and create a new controller (Active Directory
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Server) for the domain.
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By default the trust will be non-transitive. This means that only users
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directly from the trusted domain may authenticate. This can be changed
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to transitive by using the @command{netdom.exe} tool. @command{netdom.exe}
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can also be used to add the trust between two realms.
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You need to tell Windows on what hosts to find the KDCs for the
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non-Windows realm with @command{ksetup}, see @xref{Configuring Windows
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to use a Heimdal KDC}.
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This needs to be done on all computers that want enable cross-realm
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login with @code{Mapped Names}. @c XXX probably shouldn't be @code
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Then you need to add the inter-realm keys on the Windows KDC@. Start the
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Domain Tree Management tool (found in Programs, Administrative tools,
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Active Directory Domains and Trusts).
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Right click on Properties of your domain, select the Trust tab. Press
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Add on the appropriate trust windows and enter domain name and
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password. When prompted if this is a non-Windows Kerberos realm, press
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OK.
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Do not forget to add trusts in both directions (if that's what you want).
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If you want to use @command{netdom.exe} instead of the Domain Tree
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Management tool, you do it like this:
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@example
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netdom trust NT.REALM.EXAMPLE.COM /Domain:EXAMPLE.COM /add /realm /passwordt:TrustPassword
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@end example
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You also need to add the inter-realm keys to the Heimdal KDC. But take
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care to the encryption types and salting used for those keys. There should be
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no encryption type stronger than the one configured on Windows side for this
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relationship, itself limited to the ones supported by this specific version of
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Windows, nor any Kerberos 4 salted hashes, as Windows does not seem to
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understand them. Otherwise, the trust will not works.
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Here are the version-specific needed information:
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@enumerate
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@item Windows 2000: maximum encryption type is DES
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@item Windows 2003: maximum encryption type is DES
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@item Windows 2003RC2: maximum encryption type is RC4, relationship defaults to DES
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@item Windows 2008: maximum encryption type is AES, relationship defaults to RC4
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@end enumerate
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For Windows 2003RC2, to change the trust encryption type, you have to use the
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@command{ktpass}, from the Windows 2003 Resource kit *service pack2*, available
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from Microsoft web site.
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@example
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C:> ktpass /MITRealmName UNIX.EXAMPLE.COM /TrustEncryp RC4
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@end example
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For Windows 2008, the same operation can be done with the @command{ksetup}, installed by default.
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@example
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C:> ksetup /SetEncTypeAttre EXAMPLE.COM AES256-SHA1
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@end example
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Once the relationship is correctly configured, you can add the required
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inter-realm keys, using heimdal default encryption types:
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@example
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kadmin add krbtgt/NT.REALM.EXAMPLE.COM@@EXAMPLE.COM
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kadmin add krbtgt/REALM.EXAMPLE.COM@@NT.EXAMPLE.COM
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@end example
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Use the same passwords for both keys.
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And if needed, to remove unsupported encryptions, such as the following ones for a Windows 2003RC2 server.
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@example
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kadmin del_enctype krbtgt/REALM.EXAMPLE.COM@@NT.EXAMPLE.COM aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96
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kadmin del_enctype krbtgt/REALM.EXAMPLE.COM@@NT.EXAMPLE.COM des3-cbc-sha1
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kadmin del_enctype krbtgt/NT.EXAMPLE.COM@@EXAMPLE.COM aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96
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kadmin del_enctype krbtgt/NT.EXAMPLE.COM@@EXAMPLE.COM des3-cbc-sha1
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@end example
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Do not forget to reboot before trying the new realm-trust (after
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running @command{ksetup}). It looks like it might work, but packets are
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never sent to the non-Windows KDC.
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@node Create account mappings, Encryption types, Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows and a Heimdal KDC, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, precious, up
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@section Create account mappings
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Start the @code{Active Directory Users and Computers} tool. Select the
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View menu, that is in the left corner just below the real menu (or press
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Alt-V), and select Advanced Features. Right click on the user that you
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are going to do a name mapping for and choose Name mapping.
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Click on the Kerberos Names tab and add a new principal from the
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non-Windows domain.
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@c XXX check entry name then I have network again
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This adds @samp{authorizationNames} entry to the users LDAP entry to
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the Active Directory LDAP catalog. When you create users by script you
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can add this entry instead.
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@node Encryption types, Authorisation data, Create account mappings, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Encryption types
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Windows 2000 supports both the standard DES encryptions (@samp{des-cbc-crc} and
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@samp{des-cbc-md5}) and its own proprietary encryption that is based on MD4 and
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RC4 that is documented in and is supposed to be described in
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@file{draft-brezak-win2k-krb-rc4-hmac-03.txt}. New users will get both
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MD4 and DES keys. Users that are converted from a NT4 database, will
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only have MD4 passwords and will need a password change to get a DES
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key.
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@node Authorisation data, Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC, Encryption types, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Authorisation data
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The Windows 2000 KDC also adds extra authorisation data in tickets.
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It is at this point unclear what triggers it to do this. The format of
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this data is only available under a ``secret'' license from Microsoft,
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which prohibits you implementing it.
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A simple way of getting hold of the data to be able to understand it
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better is described here.
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@enumerate
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@item Find the client example on using the SSPI in the SDK documentation.
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@item Change ``AuthSamp'' in the source code to lowercase.
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@item Build the program.
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@item Add the ``authsamp'' principal with a known password to the
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database. Make sure it has a DES key.
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@item Run @kbd{ktutil add} to add the key for that principal to a
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keytab.
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@item Run @kbd{appl/test/nt_gss_server -p 2000 -s authsamp
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@kbd{--dump-auth}=@var{file}} where @var{file} is an appropriate file.
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@item It should authenticate and dump for you the authorisation data in
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the file.
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@item The tool @kbd{lib/asn1/asn1_print} is somewhat useful for
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analysing the data.
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@end enumerate
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@node Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC, Useful links when reading about the Windows, Authorisation data, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC
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There are some issues with salts and Windows 2000. Using an empty salt---which is the only one that Kerberos 4 supported, and is therefore known
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as a Kerberos 4 compatible salt---does not work, as far as we can tell
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from out experiments and users' reports. Therefore, you have to make
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sure you keep around keys with all the different types of salts that are
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required. Microsoft have fixed this issue post Windows 2003.
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Microsoft seems also to have forgotten to implement the checksum
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algorithms @samp{rsa-md4-des} and @samp{rsa-md5-des}. This can make Name
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mapping (@pxref{Create account mappings}) fail if a @samp{des-cbc-md5} key
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is used. To make the KDC return only @samp{des-cbc-crc} you must delete
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the @samp{des-cbc-md5} key from the kdc using the @kbd{kadmin
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del_enctype} command.
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@example
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kadmin del_enctype lha des-cbc-md5
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@end example
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You should also add the following entries to the @file{krb5.conf} file:
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@example
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[libdefaults]
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default_etypes = des-cbc-crc
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default_etypes_des = des-cbc-crc
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@end example
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These configuration options will make sure that no checksums of the
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unsupported types are generated.
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@node Useful links when reading about the Windows, , Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC, Windows compatibility
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Useful links when reading about the Windows
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See also our paper presented at the 2001 Usenix Annual Technical
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Conference, available in the proceedings or at
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@uref{http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix01/freenix01/westerlund.html}.
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There are lots of texts about Kerberos on Microsoft's web site, here is a
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short list of the interesting documents that we have managed to find.
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@itemize @bullet
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@item Step-by-Step Guide to Kerberos 5 (krb5 1.0) Interoperability:
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@uref{http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000serv/howto/kerbstep.mspx}.
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Kerberos GSS-API (in Windows-eze SSPI), Windows as a client in a
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non-Windows KDC realm, adding unix clients to a Windows 2000 KDC, and
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adding cross-realm trust (@pxref{Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows
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and a Heimdal KDC}).
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@item Windows 2000 Kerberos Authentication:
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@uref{www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000serv/deploy/confeat/kerberos.mspx}.
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White paper that describes how Kerberos is used in Windows 2000.
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@item Overview of Kerberos:
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@uref{http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q248/7/58.ASP}.
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Links to useful other links.
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@c @item Klist for Windows:
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@c @uref{http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/periodic/period00/security0500.htm}.
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@c Describes where to get a klist for Windows 2000.
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@item Event logging for Kerberos:
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@uref{http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q262/1/77.ASP}.
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Basically it say that you can add a registry key
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@code{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\Kerberos\Parameters\LogLevel}
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with value DWORD equal to 1, and then you'll get logging in the Event
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Logger.
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@c @item Access to the Active Directory through LDAP:
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@c @uref{http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/techart/kerberossamp.htm}
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@end itemize
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Other useful programs include these:
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@itemize @bullet
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@item pwdump2
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@uref{http://www.bindview.com/Support/RAZOR/Utilities/Windows/pwdump2_readme.cfm}@end itemize
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