472 lines
11 KiB
Groff
472 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Guido van Rossum.
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)glob.3 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd September 1, 2004
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.Dt GLOB 3
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm glob ,
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.Nm globfree
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.Nd generate pathnames matching a pattern
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In glob.h
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.Ft int
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.Fn glob "const char *pattern" "int flags" "int (*errfunc)(const char *, int)" "glob_t *pglob"
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.Ft void
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.Fn globfree "glob_t *pglob"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Fn glob
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function
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is a pathname generator that implements the rules for file name pattern
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matching used by the shell.
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.Pp
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The include file
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.In glob.h
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defines the structure type
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.Fa glob_t ,
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which contains at least the following fields:
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.Bd -literal
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typedef struct {
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size_t gl_pathc; /* count of total paths so far */
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size_t gl_matchc; /* count of paths matching pattern */
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size_t gl_offs; /* reserved at beginning of gl_pathv */
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int gl_flags; /* returned flags */
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char **gl_pathv; /* list of paths matching pattern */
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} glob_t;
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The argument
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.Fa pattern
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is a pointer to a pathname pattern to be expanded.
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The
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.Fn glob
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argument
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matches all accessible pathnames against the pattern and creates
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a list of the pathnames that match.
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In order to have access to a pathname,
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.Fn glob
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requires search permission on every component of a path except the last
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and read permission on each directory of any filename component of
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.Fa pattern
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that contains any of the special characters
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.Ql * ,
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.Ql ?\&
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or
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.Ql \&[ .
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn glob
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argument
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stores the number of matched pathnames into the
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.Fa gl_pathc
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field, and a pointer to a list of pointers to pathnames into the
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.Fa gl_pathv
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field.
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The first pointer after the last pathname is
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.Dv NULL .
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If the pattern does not match any pathnames, the returned number of
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matched paths is set to zero.
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.Pp
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It is the caller's responsibility to create the structure pointed to by
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.Fa pglob .
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The
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.Fn glob
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function allocates other space as needed, including the memory pointed
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to by
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.Fa gl_pathv .
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.Pp
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The argument
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.Fa flags
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is used to modify the behavior of
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.Fn glob .
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The value of
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.Fa flags
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is the bitwise inclusive
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.Tn OR
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of any of the following
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values defined in
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.In glob.h :
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.Bl -tag -width GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
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.It Dv GLOB_APPEND
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Append pathnames generated to the ones from a previous call (or calls)
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to
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.Fn glob .
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The value of
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.Fa gl_pathc
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will be the total matches found by this call and the previous call(s).
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The pathnames are appended to, not merged with the pathnames returned by
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the previous call(s).
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Between calls, the caller must not change the setting of the
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.Dv GLOB_DOOFFS
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flag, nor change the value of
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.Fa gl_offs
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when
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.Dv GLOB_DOOFFS
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is set, nor (obviously) call
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.Fn globfree
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for
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.Fa pglob .
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.It Dv GLOB_DOOFFS
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Make use of the
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.Fa gl_offs
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field.
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If this flag is set,
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.Fa gl_offs
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is used to specify how many
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.Dv NULL
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pointers to prepend to the beginning
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of the
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.Fa gl_pathv
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field.
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In other words,
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.Fa gl_pathv
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will point to
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.Fa gl_offs
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.Dv NULL
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pointers,
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followed by
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.Fa gl_pathc
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pathname pointers, followed by a
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.Dv NULL
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pointer.
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.It Dv GLOB_ERR
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Causes
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.Fn glob
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to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot open or read.
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Ordinarily,
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.Fn glob
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continues to find matches.
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.It Dv GLOB_MARK
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Each pathname that is a directory that matches
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.Fa pattern
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has a slash
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appended.
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.It Dv GLOB_NOCHECK
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If
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.Fa pattern
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does not match any pathname, then
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.Fn glob
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returns a list
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consisting of only
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.Fa pattern ,
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with the number of total pathnames set to 1, and the number of matched
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pathnames set to 0.
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The effect of backslash escaping is present in the pattern returned.
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.It Dv GLOB_NOESCAPE
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By default, a backslash
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.Pq Ql \e
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character is used to escape the following character in the pattern,
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avoiding any special interpretation of the character.
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If
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.Dv GLOB_NOESCAPE
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is set, backslash escaping is disabled.
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.It Dv GLOB_NOSORT
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By default, the pathnames are sorted in ascending
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.Tn ASCII
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order;
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this flag prevents that sorting (speeding up
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.Fn glob ) .
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.El
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.Pp
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The following values may also be included in
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.Fa flags ,
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however, they are non-standard extensions to
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.St -p1003.2 .
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.Bl -tag -width GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
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.It Dv GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
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The following additional fields in the pglob structure have been
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initialized with alternate functions for glob to use to open, read,
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and close directories and to get stat information on names found
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in those directories.
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.Bd -literal
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void *(*gl_opendir)(const char * name);
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struct dirent *(*gl_readdir)(void *);
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void (*gl_closedir)(void *);
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int (*gl_lstat)(const char *name, struct stat *st);
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int (*gl_stat)(const char *name, struct stat *st);
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.Ed
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.Pp
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This extension is provided to allow programs such as
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.Xr restore 8
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to provide globbing from directories stored on tape.
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.It Dv GLOB_BRACE
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Pre-process the pattern string to expand
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.Ql {pat,pat,...}
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strings like
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.Xr csh 1 .
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The pattern
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.Ql {}
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is left unexpanded for historical reasons (and
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.Xr csh 1
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does the same thing to
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ease typing
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of
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.Xr find 1
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patterns).
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.It Dv GLOB_MAGCHAR
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Set by the
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.Fn glob
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function if the pattern included globbing characters.
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See the description of the usage of the
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.Fa gl_matchc
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structure member for more details.
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.It Dv GLOB_NOMAGIC
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Is the same as
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.Dv GLOB_NOCHECK
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but it only appends the
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.Fa pattern
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if it does not contain any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``[''.
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.Dv GLOB_NOMAGIC
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is provided to simplify implementing the historic
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.Xr csh 1
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globbing behavior and should probably not be used anywhere else.
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.It Dv GLOB_TILDE
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Expand patterns that start with
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.Ql ~
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to user name home directories.
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.It Dv GLOB_LIMIT
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Limit the total number of returned pathnames to the value provided in
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.Fa gl_matchc
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(default
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.Dv ARG_MAX ) .
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This option should be set for programs
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that can be coerced into a denial of service attack
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via patterns that expand to a very large number of matches,
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such as a long string of
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.Ql */../*/.. .
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.El
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.Pp
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If, during the search, a directory is encountered that cannot be opened
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or read and
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.Fa errfunc
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is
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.Pf non- Dv NULL ,
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.Fn glob
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calls
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.Fa \*(lp*errfunc\*(rp Ns ( Fa path , errno ) .
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This may be unintuitive: a pattern like
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.Ql */Makefile
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will try to
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.Xr stat 2
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.Ql foo/Makefile
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even if
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.Ql foo
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is not a directory, resulting in a
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call to
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.Fa errfunc .
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The error routine can suppress this action by testing for
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.Er ENOENT
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and
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.Er ENOTDIR ;
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however, the
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.Dv GLOB_ERR
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flag will still cause an immediate
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return when this happens.
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.Pp
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If
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.Fa errfunc
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returns non-zero,
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.Fn glob
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stops the scan and returns
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.Dv GLOB_ABORTED
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after setting
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.Fa gl_pathc
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and
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.Fa gl_pathv
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to reflect any paths already matched.
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This also happens if an error is encountered and
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.Dv GLOB_ERR
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is set in
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.Fa flags ,
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regardless of the return value of
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.Fa errfunc ,
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if called.
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If
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.Dv GLOB_ERR
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is not set and either
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.Fa errfunc
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is
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.Dv NULL
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or
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.Fa errfunc
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returns zero, the error is ignored.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn globfree
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function frees any space associated with
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.Fa pglob
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from a previous call(s) to
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.Fn glob .
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.Sh RETURN VALUES
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On successful completion,
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.Fn glob
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returns zero.
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In addition the fields of
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.Fa pglob
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contain the values described below:
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.Bl -tag -width GLOB_NOCHECK
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.It Fa gl_pathc
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contains the total number of matched pathnames so far.
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This includes other matches from previous invocations of
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.Fn glob
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if
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.Dv GLOB_APPEND
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was specified.
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.It Fa gl_matchc
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contains the number of matched pathnames in the current invocation of
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.Fn glob .
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.It Fa gl_flags
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contains a copy of the
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.Fa flags
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argument with the bit
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.Dv GLOB_MAGCHAR
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set if
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.Fa pattern
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contained any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``['', cleared
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if not.
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.It Fa gl_pathv
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contains a pointer to a
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.Dv NULL Ns -terminated
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list of matched pathnames.
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However, if
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.Fa gl_pathc
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is zero, the contents of
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.Fa gl_pathv
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are undefined.
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.El
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.Pp
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If
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.Fn glob
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terminates due to an error, it sets errno and returns one of the
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following non-zero constants, which are defined in the include
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file
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.In glob.h :
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.Bl -tag -width GLOB_NOCHECK
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.It Dv GLOB_NOSPACE
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An attempt to allocate memory failed, or if
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.Fa errno
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was 0
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.Dv GLOB_LIMIT
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was specified in the flags and
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.Fa pglob\->gl_matchc
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or more patterns were matched.
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.It Dv GLOB_ABORTED
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The scan was stopped because an error was encountered and either
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.Dv GLOB_ERR
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was set or
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.Fa \*(lp*errfunc\*(rp\*(lp\*(rp
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returned non-zero.
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.It Dv GLOB_NOMATCH
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The pattern did not match a pathname and
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.Dv GLOB_NOCHECK
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was not set.
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.El
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.Pp
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The arguments
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.Fa pglob\->gl_pathc
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and
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.Fa pglob\->gl_pathv
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are still set as specified above.
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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A rough equivalent of
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.Ql "ls -l *.c *.h"
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can be obtained with the
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following code:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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glob_t g;
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g.gl_offs = 2;
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glob("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &g);
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glob("*.h", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &g);
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g.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
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g.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
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execvp("ls", g.gl_pathv);
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.Ed
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr sh 1 ,
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.Xr fnmatch 3 ,
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.Xr regexp 3
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The current implementation of the
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.Fn glob
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function
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.Em does not
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conform to
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.St -p1003.2 .
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Collating symbol expressions, equivalence class expressions and
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character class expressions are not supported.
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.Pp
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The flags
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.Dv GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC ,
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.Dv GLOB_BRACE ,
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.Dv GLOB_LIMIT ,
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.Dv GLOB_MAGCHAR ,
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.Dv GLOB_NOMAGIC ,
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and
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.Dv GLOB_TILDE ,
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and the fields
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.Fa gl_matchc
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and
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.Fa gl_flags
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are extensions to the
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.Tn POSIX
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standard and
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should not be used by applications striving for strict
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conformance.
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Fn glob
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and
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.Fn globfree
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functions first appeared in
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.Bx 4.4 .
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.Sh BUGS
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Patterns longer than
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.Dv MAXPATHLEN
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may cause unchecked errors.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn glob
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argument
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may fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for the
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library routines
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.Xr stat 2 ,
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.Xr closedir 3 ,
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.Xr opendir 3 ,
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.Xr readdir 3 ,
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.Xr malloc 3 ,
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and
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.Xr free 3 .
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