391 lines
11 KiB
Groff
391 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)fsck.8 8.4 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd July 30, 2013
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.Dt FSCK_FFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm fsck_ffs ,
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.Nm fsck_ufs
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.Nd file system consistency check and interactive repair
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl BEFfnpryZ
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.Op Fl b Ar block
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.Op Fl c Ar level
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.Op Fl m Ar mode
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.Ar filesystem
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.Ar ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The specified disk partitions and/or file systems are checked.
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In "preen" or "check clean" mode the clean flag of each file system's
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superblock is examined and only those file systems that are not marked clean
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are checked.
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File systems are marked clean when they are unmounted,
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when they have been mounted read-only, or when
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.Nm
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runs on them successfully.
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If the
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.Fl f
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option is specified, the file systems
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will be checked regardless of the state of their clean flag.
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.Pp
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The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous file system
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inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
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These are limited to the following:
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.Pp
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.Bl -item -compact -offset indent
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.It
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Unreferenced inodes
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.It
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Link counts in inodes too large
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.It
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Missing blocks in the free map
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.It
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Blocks in the free map also in files
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.It
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Counts in the super-block wrong
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.El
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.Pp
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These are the only inconsistencies that
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.Nm
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with the
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.Fl p
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option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
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with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
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For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
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identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
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and the nature of the correction.
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After successfully correcting a file system,
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.Nm
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will print the number of files on that file system,
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the number of used and free blocks,
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and the percentage of fragmentation.
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.Pp
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If sent a
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.Dv QUIT
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signal,
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.Nm
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will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal
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return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
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This is useful when you want to finish the file system checks during an
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automatic reboot,
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but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
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.Pp
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If
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.Nm
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receives a
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.Dv SIGINFO
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(see the
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.Dq status
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argument for
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.Xr stty 1 )
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signal, a line will be written to the standard output indicating
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the name of the device currently being checked, the current phase
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number and phase-specific progress information.
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.Pp
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Without the
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.Fl p
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option,
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.Nm
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audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems.
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If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
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before each correction is attempted.
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It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
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correctable under the
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.Fl p
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option will result in some loss of data.
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The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
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output.
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The default action for each consistency correction
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is to wait for the operator to respond
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.Li yes
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or
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.Li no .
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If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
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.Nm
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will default to a
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.Fl n
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action.
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.Pp
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The following flags are interpreted by
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.Nm :
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl B
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A check is done on the specified and possibly active file system.
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The set of corrections that can be done is limited to those done
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when running in preen mode (see the
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.Fl p
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flag).
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If unexpected errors are found,
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the file system is marked as needing a foreground check and
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.Nm
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exits without attempting any further cleaning.
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.It Fl E
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Clear unallocated blocks, notifying the underlying device that they
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are not used and that their contents may be discarded.
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This is useful for filesystems which have been mounted on systems
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without TRIM support, or with TRIM support disabled, as well as
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filesystems which have been copied from one device to another.
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.Pp
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See the
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.Fl E
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and
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.Fl t
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flags of
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.Xr newfs 8 ,
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and
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the
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.Fl t
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flag of
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.Xr tunefs 8 .
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.It Fl F
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Determine whether the file system needs to be cleaned immediately
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in foreground, or if its cleaning can be deferred to background.
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To be eligible for background cleaning it must have been running
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with soft updates, not have been marked as needing a foreground check,
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and be mounted and writable when the background check is to be done.
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If these conditions are met, then
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.Nm
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exits with a zero exit status.
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Otherwise it exits with a non-zero exit status.
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If the file system is clean,
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it will exit with a non-zero exit status so that the clean status
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of the file system can be verified and reported during the foreground
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checks.
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Note that when invoked with the
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.Fl F
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flag, no cleanups are done.
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The only thing that
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.Nm
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does is to determine whether a foreground or background
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check is needed and exit with an appropriate status code.
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.It Fl b
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Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
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the super block for the file system.
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An alternate super block is usually located at block 32 for UFS1,
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and block 160 for UFS2.
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.Pp
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See the
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.Fl N
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flag of
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.It Fl C
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Check if file system was dismounted cleanly.
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If so, skip file system checks (like "preen").
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However, if the file system was not cleanly dismounted, do full checks,
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as if
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.Nm
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was invoked without
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.Fl C .
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.It Fl c
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Convert the file system to the specified level.
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Note that the level of a file system can only be raised.
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There are currently four levels defined:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It 0
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The file system is in the old (static table) format.
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.It 1
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The file system is in the new (dynamic table) format.
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.It 2
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The file system supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
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short symbolic links are stored in the inode,
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and directories have an added field showing the file type.
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.It 3
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If maxcontig is greater than one,
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build the free segment maps to aid in finding contiguous sets of blocks.
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If maxcontig is equal to one, delete any existing segment maps.
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.El
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.Pp
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In interactive mode,
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.Nm
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will list the conversion to be made
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and ask whether the conversion should be done.
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If a negative answer is given,
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no further operations are done on the file system.
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In preen mode,
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the conversion is listed and done if
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possible without user interaction.
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Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
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are being converted at once.
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The format of a file system can be determined from the
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first line of output from
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.Xr dumpfs 8 .
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.Pp
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This option implies the
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.Fl f
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flag.
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.It Fl f
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Force
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.Nm
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to check
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.Sq clean
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file systems when preening.
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.It Fl m
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Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
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permission bits to use when creating the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory rather than the default 1777.
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In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
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by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
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set of permissions such as 700.
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.It Fl n
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Assume a no response to all questions asked by
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.Nm
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except for
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.Ql CONTINUE? ,
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which is assumed to be affirmative;
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do not open the file system for writing.
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.It Fl p
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Preen file systems (see above).
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.It Fl r
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Free up excess unused inodes.
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Decreasing the number of preallocated inodes reduces the
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running time of future runs of
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.Nm
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and frees up space that can allocated to files.
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The
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.Fl r
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option is ignored when running in preen mode.
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.It Fl S
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Surrender on error.
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With this flag enabled, a hard error returned on disk i/o will cause
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.Nm
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to abort instead of continuing on and possibly tripping over more i/o errors.
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.It Fl y
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Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
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.Nm ;
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this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
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to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
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.It Fl Z
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Similar to
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.Fl E ,
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but overwrites unused blocks with zeroes.
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If both
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.Fl E
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and
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.Fl Z
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are specified, blocks are first zeroed and then erased.
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.El
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.Pp
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Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -enum -compact
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.It
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Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
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.It
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Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
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.It
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Incorrect link counts.
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.It
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Size checks:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
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.It
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Partially truncated file.
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.El
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.It
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Bad inode format.
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.It
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Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
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.It
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Directory checks:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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File pointing to unallocated inode.
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.It
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Inode number out of range.
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.It
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Directories with unallocated blocks (holes).
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.It
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Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
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or having the wrong inode number.
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.El
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.It
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Super Block checks:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
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.It
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Bad free block map format.
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.It
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Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
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with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
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placing them in the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory.
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The name assigned is the inode number.
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If the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory does not exist, it is created.
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If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
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.Pp
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The full foreground
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.Nm
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checks for many more problems that may occur after an
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unrecoverable disk write error.
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Thus, it is recommended that you perform foreground
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.Nm
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on your systems periodically and whenever you encounter
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unrecoverable disk write errors or file-system\-related panics.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
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.It Pa /etc/fstab
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contains default list of file systems to check.
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.El
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Ex -std
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.Pp
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If the option
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.Fl F
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is used,
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.Nm
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exits 7 if the file system is clean.
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The diagnostics produced by
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.Nm
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are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
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.Rs
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.%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
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.Re
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr fsck 8 ,
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.Xr fsdb 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8 ,
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.Xr reboot 8
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