cf513b76e7
in the base system anymore.
501 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
501 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
This fortune brought to you by:
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$FreeBSD$
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%
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Having trouble using fetch through a firewall? Try setting the environment
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variable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see fetch(3) for more details.
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%
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By pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward
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through the console output. Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off.
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%
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Want colour in your directory listings? Use "ls -G". "ls -F" is also useful,
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and they can be combined as "ls -FG".
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%
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If you need to ask a question on the FreeBSD-questions mailing list then
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http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/\
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freebsd-questions/index.html
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contains lots of useful advice to help you get the best results.
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%
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If you'd like to keep track of applications in the FreeBSD ports tree, take a
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look at FreshPorts;
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http://www.freshports.org/
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%
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To search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example
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find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls
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will search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name.
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-- Stephen Hilton <nospam@hiltonbsd.com>
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%
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In tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show
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all the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion.
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%
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You can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically
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if you leave the shell idle for more than 30 minutes.
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%
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If you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the
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filename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there
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is more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match.
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%
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You can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of
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previous commands in tcsh.
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%
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You can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'.
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%
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If you `set watch = (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when
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someone logs in or out of your system.
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# '
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# '
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# '
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# '
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%
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Nice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# '
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%
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Simple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# '
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%
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If you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in
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kilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your
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environment to 'K'. You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for
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Gigabytes. If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size
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then use 'df -h'.
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%
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To change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value"
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where NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value.
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%
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To change an environment variable in /bin/sh use:
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$ VARIABLE="value"
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$ export VARIABLE
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%
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You can use /etc/make.conf to control the options used to compile software
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on this system. Example entries are in
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/usr/share/examples/etc/defaults/make.conf.
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%
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To do a fast search for a file, try
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locate filename
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locate uses a database that is updated every Saturday (assuming your computer
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is running FreeBSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only.
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%
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In order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this:
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grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...]
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This will print out the lines in the files that contain the string. grep can
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also do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details.
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%
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You can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http.
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fetch http://www.freebsd.org/index.html
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will download the front page of the FreeBSD web site.
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%
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In order to make fetch (the FreeBSD downloading tool) ask for
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username/password when it encounter a password-protected web page, you can set
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the environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'.
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%
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You can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them
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in a startup file for the shell. The name of the startup file varies
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depending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .login, bash, sh, ksh and zsh use
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.profile. When using bash, sh, ksh or zsh, don't forget to export the
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variable.
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%
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If you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'. If you
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set this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will
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use colors. You can do this by
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TERM=xterm-color; export TERM
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in Bourne-derived shells, and
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setenv TERM xterm-color
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in csh-derived shells.
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%
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If you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with
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xset b off
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%
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You can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing
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less filename
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%
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The default editor in FreeBSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you have
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learned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly. To use ee (an easier but less
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powerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee
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%
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If you accidently end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon
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(:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return.
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%
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You can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get
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commands you commonly use. Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in
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bourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh):
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alias lf="ls -FA"
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alias ll="ls -lA"
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alias su="su -m"
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In csh or tcsh, these would be
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alias lf ls -FA
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alias ll ls -lA
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alias su su -m
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To remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'. To list all
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aliases, you can usually type just 'alias'.
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%
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In order to support national characters for european languages in tools like
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less without creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment
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variable LC_ALL to 'en_US.ISO8859-1'.
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%
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You can search for documentation on a keyword by typing
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apropos keyword
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%
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Man pages are divided into section depending on topic. There are 9 different
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sections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual).
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You can get an introduction to each topic by typing
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man <number> intro
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In other words, to get the intro to general commands, type
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man 1 intro
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%
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FreeBSD is started up by the program 'init'. The first thing init does when
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starting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is to
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run the shell script /etc/rc. By reading /etc/rc, you can learn a lot about
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how the system is put together, which again will make you more confident about
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what happens when you do something with it.
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%
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If you want to play CDs with FreeBSD, a utility for this is already included.
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Type 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more. (You may need to set the CDROM
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environment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.)
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%
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If you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is
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presently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root. The CD-ROM
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will be available under /cdrom/. Remember to do 'umount /cdrom' before
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removing the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM
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without doing this.)
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Note: This tip may not work in all configurations.
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%
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You can install extra packages for FreeBSD by using the ports system.
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If you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by
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just typing
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# cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname>
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# make install && make clean
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as root. The ports infrastructure will download the software, change it so
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it works on FreeBSD, compile it, install it, register the installation so it
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will be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the temporary
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working space it used. You can remove an installed port you decide you do not
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want after all by typing
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# cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname>
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# make deinstall
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as root.
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%
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Nice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ '
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-- Mathieu <mathieu@hal.interactionvirtuelle.com>
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%
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To see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8). If it has
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been replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot.
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-- Francisco Reyes <lists@natserv.com>
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%
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You can use "whereis" to locate standard binary, manual page and source
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directories for the specified programs. This can be particularly handy
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when you are trying to find where in the ports tree an application is.
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Try "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis".
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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You can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a
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login shell.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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You can use "pkg_info" to see a list of packages you have installed.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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You can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like
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the following to /etc/rc.conf:
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allscreens="80x30"
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You can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text
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modes.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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Any user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate
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a root login. You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group.
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-- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr>
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%
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Over quota? "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your
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directory sizes.
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-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
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%
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Handy bash(1) prompt: PS1="\u@\h \w \!$ "
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-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
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%
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Ever wonder what those numbers after command names were, as in cat(1)? It's
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the section of the manual the man page is in. "man man" will tell you more.
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-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
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%
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"man hier" will explain the way FreeBSD filesystems are normally laid out.
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-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
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%
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"man tuning" gives some tips how to tune performance of your FreeBSD system.
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-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
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%
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"man firewall" will give advice for building a FreeBSD firewall
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-- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com>
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%
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You can often get answers to your questions about FreeBSD by searching in the
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FreeBSD mailing list archives at
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http://www.freebsd.org/search.html
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%
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You can adjust the volume of various parts of the sound system in your
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computer by typing 'mixer <type> <volume>'. To get a list of what you can
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adjust, just type 'mixer'.
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%
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You can automatically download and install binary packages by doing
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pkg_add -r <URL>
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where you replace <URL> with the URL to the package. This will also
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automatically install the packages the package you download is dependent on
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(ie, the packages it needs in order to work.)
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%
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You can get a good standard workstation install by using the
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instant-workstation port/package. If you have ports installed, you can
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install it by doing
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# cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-workstation
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# make install && make clean
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as root. This will install a collection of packages that is convenient to
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have on a workstation.
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%
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You can get a good generic server install by using the
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instant-server port/package. If you have ports installed, you can
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install it by doing
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# cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-server
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# make install && make clean
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as root. This will install a collection of packages that is appropriate for
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running a "generic" server.
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%
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You can make a log of your terminal session with script(1).
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%
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"man ports" gives many useful hints about installing FreeBSD ports.
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%
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"man security" gives very good advice on how to tune the security of your
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FreeBSD system.
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%
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Want to find a specific port, just type the following under /usr/ports,
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or one its subdirectories:
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"make search port=<port-name>"
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or
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"make search key="<keyword>"
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%
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Want to see how much virtual memory you're using? Just type "swapinfo" to
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be shown information about the usage of your swap partitions.
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%
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ports/net/netcat port is useful not only for redirecting input/output
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to TCP or UDP connections, but also for proxying them. See inetd(8) for
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details.
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%
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If other operating systems have damaged your Master Boot Record, you can
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reinstall it either with /stand/sysinstall or with boot0cfg(8). See
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"man boot0cfg" for details.
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%
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Need to see the calendar for this month? Simply type "cal". To see the
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whole year, type "cal -y".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to quickly return to your home directory? Type "cd".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see the last time that you logged in, use lastlogin(8).
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To clear the screen, use "clear". To re-display your screen buffer, press
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the scroll lock key and use your page up button. When you're finished,
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press the scroll lock key again to get your prompt back.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To save disk space in your home directory, compress files you rarely
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use with "gzip filename".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To read a compressed file without having to first uncompress it, use
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"zcat" or "zmore" to view it.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see how much disk space is left on your partitions, use
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df -h
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see the 10 largest files on a directory or partition, use
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du /partition_or_directory_name | sort -rn | head
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To determine whether a file is a text file, executable, or some other type
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of file, use
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file filename
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Time to change your password? Type "passwd" and follow the prompts.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Want to know how many words, lines, or bytes are contained in a file? Type
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"wc filename".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to print a manpage? Use
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man name_of_manpage | col -bx | lpr
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to remove all those ^M characters from a DOS file? Try
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col -bx < dosfile > newfile
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Forget what directory you are in? Type "pwd".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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If you are in the C shell and have just installed a new program, you won't
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be able to run it unless you first type "rehash".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to leave your terminal for a few minutes and don't want to logout?
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Use "lock -p". When you return, use your password as the key to unlock the
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terminal.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to find the location of a program? Use "locate program_name".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Forget how to spell a word or a variation of a word? Use
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look portion_of_word_you_know
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see the last 10 lines of a long file, use "tail filename". To see the
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first 10 lines, use "head filename".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see how long it takes a command to run, type the word "time" before the
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command name.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To quickly create an empty file, use "touch filename".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To find out the hostname associated with an IP address, use
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dig -x IP_address
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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If you use the C shell, add the following line to the .cshrc file in your
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home directory to prevent core files from being written to disk:
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limit coredumpsize 0
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type "leave +hhmm" where
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"hhmm" represents in how many hours and minutes you need to leave.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to do a search in a manpage or in a file you've sent to a pager? Use
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"/search_word". To repeat the same search, type "n" for next.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Forget when Easter is? Try "ncal -e". If you need the date for Orthodox
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Easter, use "ncal -o" instead.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to see your routing table? Type "netstat -rn". The entry with the G
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flag is your gateway.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to see which daemons are listening for connection requests? Use
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"sockstat -4l" for IPv4, and "sockstat -l" for IPv4 and IPv6.
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Can't remember is you've installed a certain port or not? Try "pkg_info |
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grep port_name".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To erase a line you've written at the command prompt, use "Ctrl-U".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To repeat the last command in the C shell, type "!!".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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Need to quickly empty a file? Use "echo > filename".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see all of the directories on your FreeBSD system, type
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ls -R / | more
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see the IP addresses currently set on your active interfaces, type
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"ifconfig -u".
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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To see the MAC addresses of the NICs on your system, type
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ifconfig -a
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-- Dru <genesis@istar.ca>
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%
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You can save your kernel startup configuration with kget(8). The
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Configuration can be edited at boot time with 'boot -c' command in loader.
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See boot(8), loader(8) for details.
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%
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You can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi with :N or :E and then
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use ^w to switch between the two.
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%
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sh (the default bourne shell in FreeBSD) supports command-line editing. Just
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``set -o emacs'' or ``set -o vi'' to enable it.
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%
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When you've made modifications to a file in vi(1) and then find that
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you can't write it, type ``<ESC>!rm -f %'' then ``:w!'' to force the
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write
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This won't work if you don't have write permissions to the directory
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and probably won't be suitable if you're editing through a symbolic link.
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%
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|
If you want to quickly check for duplicate package/port installations,
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|
try the following pkg_info command.
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pkg_info | sort | sed -e 's/-[0-9].*$//' | \
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uniq -c | grep -v '^[[:space:]]*1'
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%
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Want to use sed(1) to edit a file in place? Well, to replace every 'e' with
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an 'o', in a file named 'foo', you can do:
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sed -i.bak s/e/o/g foo
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And you'll get a backup of the original in a file named 'foo.bak', but if you
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want no backup:
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sed -i '' s/e/o/g foo
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