664 lines
21 KiB
Groff
664 lines
21 KiB
Groff
.\"
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.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
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.\"
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.\" Chet Ramey
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.\" Information Network Services
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.\" Case Western Reserve University
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.\" chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
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.\"
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.\" Last Change: Thu Jul 31 08:46:08 EDT 2003
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.\"
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.TH HISTORY 3 "2003 July 31" "GNU History 5.0"
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.\"
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.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
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.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
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.\"
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.de FN
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\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
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..
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.ds lp \fR\|(\fP
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.ds rp \fR\|)\fP
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.\" FnN return-value fun-name N arguments
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.de Fn1
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\fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3\fP\\*(rp
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.br
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..
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.de Fn2
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.if t \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3,\|\\$4\fP\\*(rp
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.if n \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3, \\$4\fP\\*(rp
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.br
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..
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.de Fn3
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.if t \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3,\|\\$4,\|\\$5\fP\|\\*(rp
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.if n \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3, \\$4, \\$5\fP\\*(rp
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.br
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..
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.de Vb
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\fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP
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.br
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..
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.SH NAME
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history \- GNU History Library
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.SH COPYRIGHT
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.if t The GNU History Library is Copyright \(co 1989-2002 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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.if n The GNU History Library is Copyright (C) 1989-2002 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU
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History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
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data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
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composing new ones.
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.PP
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.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
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.PP
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The history library supports a history expansion feature that
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is identical to the history expansion in
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.BR bash.
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This section describes what syntax features are available.
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.PP
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History expansions introduce words from the history list into
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the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
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arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
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fix errors in previous commands quickly.
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.PP
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History expansion is usually performed immediately after a complete line
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is read.
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It takes place in two parts.
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The first is to determine which line from the history list
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to use during substitution.
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The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
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the current one.
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The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
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and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
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Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
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The line is broken into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
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does when reading input,
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so that several words that would otherwise be separated
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are considered one word when surrounded by quotes (see the
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description of \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP below).
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History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
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history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
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Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
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the history expansion character.
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.SS Event Designators
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.PP
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An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
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history list.
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.PP
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.PD 0
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.TP
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.B !
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Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
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.BR blank ,
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newline, = or (.
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.TP
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.B !\fIn\fR
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Refer to command line
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.IR n .
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.TP
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.B !\-\fIn\fR
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Refer to the current command line minus
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.IR n .
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.TP
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.B !!
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Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
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.TP
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.B !\fIstring\fR
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Refer to the most recent command starting with
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.IR string .
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.TP
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.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
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Refer to the most recent command containing
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.IR string .
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The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
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.I string
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is followed immediately by a newline.
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.TP
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.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
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Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing
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.I string1
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with
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.IR string2 .
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Equivalent to
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``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/''
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(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
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.TP
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.B !#
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The entire command line typed so far.
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.PD
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.SS Word Designators
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.PP
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Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
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A
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.B :
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separates the event specification from the word designator.
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It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
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.BR ^ ,
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.BR $ ,
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.BR * ,
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.BR \- ,
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or
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.BR % .
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Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
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with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
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Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
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.PP
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.PD 0
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.TP
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.B 0 (zero)
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The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command
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word.
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.TP
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.I n
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The \fIn\fRth word.
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.TP
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.B ^
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The first argument. That is, word 1.
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.TP
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.B $
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The last argument.
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.TP
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.B %
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The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search.
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.TP
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.I x\fB\-\fPy
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A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'.
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.TP
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.B *
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All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym
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for `\fI1\-$\fP'. It is not an error to use
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.B *
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if there is just one
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word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
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.TP
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.B x*
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Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
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.TP
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.B x\-
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Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
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.PD
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.PP
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If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
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previous command is used as the event.
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.SS Modifiers
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.PP
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After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
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one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
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.PP
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.PD 0
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.PP
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.TP
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.B h
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Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
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.TP
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.B t
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Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
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.TP
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.B r
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Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
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basename.
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.TP
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.B e
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Remove all but the trailing suffix.
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.TP
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.B p
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Print the new command but do not execute it.
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.TP
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.B q
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Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
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.TP
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.B x
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Quote the substituted words as with
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.BR q ,
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but break into words at
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.B blanks
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and newlines.
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.TP
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.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
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|
Substitute
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.I new
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for the first occurrence of
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.I old
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|
in the event line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The
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final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
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event line. The delimiter may be quoted in
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.I old
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and
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.I new
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with a single backslash. If & appears in
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.IR new ,
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it is replaced by
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.IR old .
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A single backslash will quote the &. If
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.I old
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is null, it is set to the last
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.I old
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substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
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the last
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.I string
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in a
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.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
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search.
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.TP
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.B &
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Repeat the previous substitution.
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.TP
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.B g
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Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
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used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR')
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or `\fB:&\fP'. If used with
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`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used
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|
in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
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|
if it is the last character of the event line.
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|
An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
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.TP
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.B G
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Apply the following `\fBs\fP' modifier once to each word in the event line.
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.PD
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.SH "PROGRAMMING WITH HISTORY FUNCTIONS"
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This section describes how to use the History library in other programs.
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.SS Introduction to History
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.PP
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|
The programmer using the History library has available functions
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for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
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with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
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|
for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line
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|
in the list directly. In addition, a history \fIexpansion\fP function
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is available which provides for a consistent user interface across
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different programs.
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.PP
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The user using programs written with the History library has the
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benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
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commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
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in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are
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identical to
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the history substitution provided by \fBbash\fP.
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.PP
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If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which
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includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
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advantage of command line editing.
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.PP
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Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
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library provides in other code, an application writer should include
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the file
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.FN <readline/history.h>
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in any file that uses the
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History library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all
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of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of
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the public data structures.
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.SS History Storage
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.PP
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|
The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is
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declared as follows:
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.PP
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.Vb "typedef void *" histdata_t;
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.PP
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.nf
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typedef struct _hist_entry {
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char *line;
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char *timestamp;
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histdata_t data;
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} HIST_ENTRY;
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.fi
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.PP
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The history list itself might therefore be declared as
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.PP
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.Vb "HIST_ENTRY **" the_history_list;
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.PP
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The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
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.PP
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.nf
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/*
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* A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
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*/
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typedef struct _hist_state {
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HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
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int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */
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int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */
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int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
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int flags;
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} HISTORY_STATE;
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.fi
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.PP
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If the flags member includes \fBHS_STIFLED\fP, the history has been
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stifled.
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.SH "History Functions"
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.PP
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This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
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exported by the GNU History library.
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.SS Initializing History and State Management
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|
This section describes functions used to initialize and manage
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the state of the History library when you want to use the history
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functions in your program.
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.Fn1 void using_history void
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Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This
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initializes the interactive variables.
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.Fn1 "HISTORY_STATE *" history_get_history_state void
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Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
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.Fn1 void history_set_history_state "HISTORY_STATE *state"
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Set the state of the history list according to \fIstate\fP.
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.SS History List Management
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These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
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parameters managing the list itself.
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.Fn1 void add_history "const char *string"
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Place \fIstring\fP at the end of the history list. The associated data
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field (if any) is set to \fBNULL\fP.
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.Fn1 void add_history_time "const char *string"
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Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to
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\fIstring\fP.
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.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" remove_history "int which"
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Remove history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP from the history. The
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removed element is returned so you can free the line, data,
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and containing structure.
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.Fn1 "histdata_t" free_history_entry "HIST_ENTRY *histent"
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Free the history entry \fIhistent\fP and any history library private
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data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data
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so the caller can dispose of it.
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.Fn3 "HIST_ENTRY *" replace_history_entry "int which" "const char *line" "histdata_t data"
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Make the history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP have \fIline\fP and \fIdata\fP.
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This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
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application-specific data. In the case
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of an invalid \fIwhich\fP, a \fBNULL\fP pointer is returned.
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.Fn1 void clear_history "void"
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Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
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.Fn1 void stifle_history "int max"
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Stifle the history list, remembering only the last \fImax\fP entries.
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.Fn1 int unstifle_history "void"
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Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set
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maximum number of history entries (as set by \fBstifle_history()\fP).
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history was stifled. The value is positive if the history was
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stifled, negative if it wasn't.
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.Fn1 int history_is_stifled "void"
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Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
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.SS Information About the History List
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|
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|
These functions return information about the entire history list or
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individual list entries.
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.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY **" history_list "void"
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Return a \fBNULL\fP terminated array of \fIHIST_ENTRY *\fP which is the
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current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
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If there is no history, return \fBNULL\fP.
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.Fn1 int where_history "void"
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Returns the offset of the current history element.
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.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" current_history "void"
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|
Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
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\fBwhere_history()\fP. If there is no entry there, return a \fBNULL\fP
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pointer.
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.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" history_get "int offset"
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|
Return the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP, starting from
|
|
\fBhistory_base\fP.
|
|
If there is no entry there, or if \fIoffset\fP
|
|
is greater than the history length, return a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
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.Fn1 "time_t" history_get_time "HIST_ENTRY *"
|
|
Return the time stamp associated with the history entry passed as the argument.
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|
.Fn1 int history_total_bytes "void"
|
|
Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using.
|
|
This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the
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history.
|
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|
.SS Moving Around the History List
|
|
|
|
These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
|
|
set or changed.
|
|
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|
.Fn1 int history_set_pos "int pos"
|
|
Set the current history offset to \fIpos\fP, an absolute index
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|
into the list.
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Returns 1 on success, 0 if \fIpos\fP is less than zero or greater
|
|
than the number of history entries.
|
|
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|
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" previous_history "void"
|
|
Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
|
|
return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return
|
|
a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
|
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|
.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" next_history "void"
|
|
Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and
|
|
return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next entry, return
|
|
a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
|
|
|
|
.SS Searching the History List
|
|
|
|
These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing
|
|
a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward
|
|
from the current history position. The search may be \fIanchored\fP,
|
|
meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
|
|
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|
.Fn2 int history_search "const char *string" "int direction"
|
|
Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history offset.
|
|
If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is through
|
|
previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
|
|
If \fIstring\fP is found, then
|
|
the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
|
|
returned is the offset in the line of the entry where
|
|
\fIstring\fP was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is
|
|
returned.
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|
.Fn2 int history_search_prefix "const char *string" "int direction"
|
|
Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history
|
|
offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
|
|
\fIstring\fP. If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is
|
|
through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
|
|
If \fIstring\fP is found, then the
|
|
current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0.
|
|
Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned.
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|
.Fn3 int history_search_pos "const char *string" "int direction" "int pos"
|
|
Search for \fIstring\fP in the history list, starting at \fIpos\fP, an
|
|
absolute index into the list. If \fIdirection\fP is negative, the search
|
|
proceeds backward from \fIpos\fP, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute
|
|
index of the history element where \fIstring\fP was found, or -1 otherwise.
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|
|
.SS Managing the History File
|
|
The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
|
|
This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
|
|
|
|
.Fn1 int read_history "const char *filename"
|
|
Add the contents of \fIfilename\fP to the history list, a line at a time.
|
|
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI~/.history\fP.
|
|
Returns 0 if successful, or \fBerrno\fP if not.
|
|
|
|
.Fn3 int read_history_range "const char *filename" "int from" "int to"
|
|
Read a range of lines from \fIfilename\fP, adding them to the history list.
|
|
Start reading at line \fIfrom\fP and end at \fIto\fP.
|
|
If \fIfrom\fP is zero, start at the beginning. If \fIto\fP is less than
|
|
\fIfrom\fP, then read until the end of the file. If \fIfilename\fP is
|
|
\fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI~/.history\fP. Returns 0 if successful,
|
|
or \fBerrno\fP if not.
|
|
|
|
.Fn1 int write_history "const char *filename"
|
|
Write the current history to \fIfilename\fP, overwriting \fIfilename\fP
|
|
if necessary.
|
|
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then write the history list to \fI~/.history\fP.
|
|
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.Fn2 int append_history "int nelements" "const char *filename"
|
|
Append the last \fInelements\fP of the history list to \fIfilename\fP.
|
|
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then append to \fI~/.history\fP.
|
|
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
|
|
|
|
.Fn2 int history_truncate_file "const char *filename" "int nlines"
|
|
Truncate the history file \fIfilename\fP, leaving only the last
|
|
\fInlines\fP lines.
|
|
If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then \fI~/.history\fP is truncated.
|
|
Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on failure.
|
|
|
|
.SS History Expansion
|
|
|
|
These functions implement history expansion.
|
|
|
|
.Fn2 int history_expand "char *string" "char **output"
|
|
Expand \fIstring\fP, placing the result into \fIoutput\fP, a pointer
|
|
to a string. Returns:
|
|
.RS
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.TP
|
|
0
|
|
If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
|
|
the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion
|
|
character);
|
|
.TP
|
|
1
|
|
if expansions did take place;
|
|
.TP
|
|
-1
|
|
if there was an error in expansion;
|
|
.TP
|
|
2
|
|
if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
|
|
as with the \fB:p\fP modifier.
|
|
.PD
|
|
.RE
|
|
If an error ocurred in expansion, then \fIoutput\fP contains a descriptive
|
|
error message.
|
|
|
|
.Fn3 "char *" get_history_event "const char *string" "int *cindex" "int qchar"
|
|
Returns the text of the history event beginning at \fIstring\fP +
|
|
\fI*cindex\fP. \fI*cindex\fP is modified to point to after the event
|
|
specifier. At function entry, \fIcindex\fP points to the index into
|
|
\fIstring\fP where the history event specification begins. \fIqchar\fP
|
|
is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
|
|
to the ``normal'' terminating characters.
|
|
|
|
.Fn1 "char **" history_tokenize "const char *string"
|
|
Return an array of tokens parsed out of \fIstring\fP, much as the
|
|
shell might.
|
|
The tokens are split on the characters in the
|
|
\fBhistory_word_delimiters\fP variable,
|
|
and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
|
|
|
|
.Fn3 "char *" history_arg_extract "int first" "int last" "const char *string"
|
|
Extract a string segment consisting of the \fIfirst\fP through \fIlast\fP
|
|
arguments present in \fIstring\fP. Arguments are split using
|
|
\fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
|
|
|
|
.SS History Variables
|
|
|
|
This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by
|
|
the GNU History Library.
|
|
|
|
.Vb int history_base
|
|
The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
|
|
|
|
.Vb int history_length
|
|
The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
|
|
|
|
.Vb int history_max_entries
|
|
The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using
|
|
\fBstifle_history()\fP.
|
|
|
|
.Vb int history_write_timestamps
|
|
If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be
|
|
preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that
|
|
timestamps are not saved.
|
|
|
|
.Vb char history_expansion_char
|
|
The character that introduces a history event. The default is \fB!\fP.
|
|
Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
|
|
|
|
.Vb char history_subst_char
|
|
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
|
|
a line. The default is \fB^\fP.
|
|
|
|
.Vb char history_comment_char
|
|
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
|
|
of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
|
|
ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
|
|
This is disabled by default.
|
|
|
|
.Vb "char *" history_word_delimiters
|
|
The characters that separate tokens for \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
|
|
The default value is \fB"\ \et\en()<>;&|"\fP.
|
|
|
|
.Vb "char *" history_no_expand_chars
|
|
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately
|
|
following \fBhistory_expansion_char\fP. The default is space, tab, newline,
|
|
\fB\er\fP, and \fB=\fP.
|
|
|
|
.Vb "char *" history_search_delimiter_chars
|
|
The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
|
|
string, in addition to space, tab, \fI:\fP and \fI?\fP in the case of
|
|
a substring search. The default is empty.
|
|
|
|
.Vb int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
|
|
If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion
|
|
character. The default value is 0.
|
|
|
|
.Vb "rl_linebuf_func_t *" history_inhibit_expansion_function
|
|
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
|
|
a \fBchar *\fP (\fIstring\fP)
|
|
and an \fBint\fP index into that string (\fIi\fP).
|
|
It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
|
|
\fIstring[i]\fP should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
|
|
be done.
|
|
It is intended for use by applications like \fBbash\fP that use the history
|
|
expansion character for additional purposes.
|
|
By default, this variable is set to \fBNULL\fP.
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.TP
|
|
.FN ~/.history
|
|
Default filename for reading and writing saved history
|
|
.PD
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.TP
|
|
\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
|
|
.TP
|
|
\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
|
|
.TP
|
|
\fIbash\fP(1)
|
|
.TP
|
|
\fIreadline\fP(3)
|
|
.PD
|
|
.SH AUTHORS
|
|
Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
|
|
.br
|
|
bfox@gnu.org
|
|
.PP
|
|
Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
|
|
.br
|
|
chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
|
|
.SH BUG REPORTS
|
|
If you find a bug in the
|
|
.B history
|
|
library, you should report it. But first, you should
|
|
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
|
|
version of the
|
|
.B history
|
|
library that you have.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
|
|
bug report to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP.
|
|
If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
|
|
as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
|
|
to \fPbug-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
|
|
newsgroup
|
|
.BR gnu.bash.bug .
|
|
.PP
|
|
Comments and bug reports concerning
|
|
this manual page should be directed to
|
|
.IR chet@ins.CWRU.Edu .
|