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dougb 3727f1aa7d Update to the final release version of BIND 9.6.1. It has the following 
changes from the 9.6.1rc1 version. The first 2 only affect DNSSEC.

          named could incorrectly delete NSEC3 records for
          empty nodes when processing a update request.

          Accept DS responses from delegation only zones.

          "delegation-only" was not being accepted in
          delegation-only type zones.
2009-06-25 19:16:29 +00:00

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<div class="refentry" lang="en">
<a name="man.dig"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2>Name</h2>
<p>dig &#8212; DNS lookup utility</p>
</div>
<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
<h2>Synopsis</h2>
<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [@server] [<code class="option">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>address</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m</code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port#</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-q <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>addr</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-y <em class="replaceable"><code>[<span class="optional">hmac:</span>]name:key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [name] [type] [class] [queryopt...]</p></div>
<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [<code class="option">-h</code>]</p></div>
<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [global-queryopt...] [query...]</p></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2563899"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
<p><span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
(domain information groper) is a flexible tool
for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and
displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that
were queried. Most DNS administrators use <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> to
troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease of use and
clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less functionality
than <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
Although <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> is normally used with
command-line
arguments, it also has a batch mode of operation for reading lookup
requests from a file. A brief summary of its command-line arguments
and options is printed when the <code class="option">-h</code> option is given.
Unlike earlier versions, the BIND 9 implementation of
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> allows multiple lookups to be issued
from the
command line.
</p>
<p>
Unless it is told to query a specific name server,
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will try each of the servers listed
in
<code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>.
</p>
<p>
When no command line arguments or options are given,
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will perform an NS query for "." (the root).
</p>
<p>
It is possible to set per-user defaults for <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> via
<code class="filename">${HOME}/.digrc</code>. This file is read and
any options in it
are applied before the command line arguments.
</p>
<p>
The IN and CH class names overlap with the IN and CH top level
domains names. Either use the <code class="option">-t</code> and
<code class="option">-c</code> options to specify the type and class,
use the <code class="option">-q</code> the specify the domain name, or
use "IN." and "CH." when looking up these top level domains.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2570411"></a><h2>SIMPLE USAGE</h2>
<p>
A typical invocation of <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> looks like:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"> dig @server name type </pre>
<p>
where:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">server</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can
be an IPv4
address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6
address in colon-delimited notation. When the supplied
<em class="parameter"><code>server</code></em> argument is a
hostname,
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> resolves that name before
querying that name
server. If no <em class="parameter"><code>server</code></em>
argument is provided,
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> consults <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>
and queries the name servers listed there. The reply from the
name
server that responds is displayed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">name</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">type</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
indicates what type of query is required &#8212;
ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc.
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> can be any valid query
type. If no
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> argument is supplied,
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will perform a lookup for an
A record.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2570522"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
<p>
The <code class="option">-b</code> option sets the source IP address of the query
to <em class="parameter"><code>address</code></em>. This must be a valid
address on
one of the host's network interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional
port
may be specified by appending "#&lt;port&gt;"
</p>
<p>
The default query class (IN for internet) is overridden by the
<code class="option">-c</code> option. <em class="parameter"><code>class</code></em> is
any valid
class, such as HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="option">-f</code> option makes <span><strong class="command">dig </strong></span>
operate
in batch mode by reading a list of lookup requests to process from the
file <em class="parameter"><code>filename</code></em>. The file contains a
number of
queries, one per line. Each entry in the file should be organized in
the same way they would be presented as queries to
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> using the command-line interface.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="option">-m</code> option enables memory usage debugging.
</p>
<p>
If a non-standard port number is to be queried, the
<code class="option">-p</code> option is used. <em class="parameter"><code>port#</code></em> is
the port number that <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will send its
queries
instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option would be used
to test a name server that has been configured to listen for queries
on a non-standard port number.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="option">-4</code> option forces <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
to only
use IPv4 query transport. The <code class="option">-6</code> option forces
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> to only use IPv6 query transport.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="option">-t</code> option sets the query type to
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em>. It can be any valid query type
which is
supported in BIND 9. The default query type is "A", unless the
<code class="option">-x</code> option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup.
A zone transfer can be requested by specifying a type of AXFR. When
an incremental zone transfer (IXFR) is required,
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> is set to <code class="literal">ixfr=N</code>.
The incremental zone transfer will contain the changes made to the zone
since the serial number in the zone's SOA record was
<em class="parameter"><code>N</code></em>.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="option">-q</code> option sets the query name to
<em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em>. This useful do distinguish the
<em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em> from other arguments.
</p>
<p>
Reverse lookups &#8212; mapping addresses to names &#8212; are simplified by the
<code class="option">-x</code> option. <em class="parameter"><code>addr</code></em> is
an IPv4
address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address.
When this option is used, there is no need to provide the
<em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>class</code></em> and
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> arguments. <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
automatically performs a lookup for a name like
<code class="literal">11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa</code> and sets the
query type and
class to PTR and IN respectively. By default, IPv6 addresses are
looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain.
To use the older RFC1886 method using the IP6.INT domain
specify the <code class="option">-i</code> option. Bit string labels (RFC2874)
are now experimental and are not attempted.
</p>
<p>
To sign the DNS queries sent by <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> and
their
responses using transaction signatures (TSIG), specify a TSIG key file
using the <code class="option">-k</code> option. You can also specify the TSIG
key itself on the command line using the <code class="option">-y</code> option;
<em class="parameter"><code>hmac</code></em> is the type of the TSIG, default HMAC-MD5,
<em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em> is the name of the TSIG key and
<em class="parameter"><code>key</code></em> is the actual key. The key is a
base-64
encoded string, typically generated by
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>.
Caution should be taken when using the <code class="option">-y</code> option on
multi-user systems as the key can be visible in the output from
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ps</span>(1)</span>
or in the shell's history file. When
using TSIG authentication with <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>, the name
server that is queried needs to know the key and algorithm that is
being used. In BIND, this is done by providing appropriate
<span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements in
<code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2630188"></a><h2>QUERY OPTIONS</h2>
<p><span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
provides a number of query options which affect
the way in which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of
these set or reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which
sections of the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout
and retry strategies.
</p>
<p>
Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign
(<code class="literal">+</code>). Some keywords set or reset an
option. These may be preceded
by the string <code class="literal">no</code> to negate the meaning of
that keyword. Other
keywords assign values to options like the timeout interval. They
have the form <code class="option">+keyword=value</code>.
The query options are:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]tcp</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default
behavior is to use UDP unless an AXFR or IXFR query is
requested, in
which case a TCP connection is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]vc</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
syntax to <em class="parameter"><code>+[no]tcp</code></em> is
provided for backwards
compatibility. The "vc" stands for "virtual circuit".
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]ignore</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP.
By
default, TCP retries are performed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+domain=somename</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set the search list to contain the single domain
<em class="parameter"><code>somename</code></em>, as if specified in
a
<span><strong class="command">domain</strong></span> directive in
<code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>, and enable
search list
processing as if the <em class="parameter"><code>+search</code></em>
option were given.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]search</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use [do not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or
domain
directive in <code class="filename">resolv.conf</code> (if
any).
The search list is not used by default.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]showsearch</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Perform [do not perform] a search showing intermediate
results.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]defname</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Deprecated, treated as a synonym for <em class="parameter"><code>+[no]search</code></em>
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]aaonly</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the "aa" flag in the query.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]aaflag</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
A synonym for <em class="parameter"><code>+[no]aaonly</code></em>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]adflag</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set [do not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the
query. This requests the server to return whether
all of the answer and authority sections have all
been validated as secure according to the security
policy of the server. AD=1 indicates that all records
have been validated as secure and the answer is not
from a OPT-OUT range. AD=0 indicate that some part
of the answer was insecure or not validated.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]cdflag</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set [do not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query.
This
requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of
responses.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]cl</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Display [do not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]ttlid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Display [do not display] the TTL when printing the record.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]recurse</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Toggle the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the
query.
This bit is set by default, which means <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
normally sends recursive queries. Recursion is automatically
disabled
when the <em class="parameter"><code>+nssearch</code></em> or
<em class="parameter"><code>+trace</code></em> query options are
used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]nssearch</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When this option is set, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
attempts to find the
authoritative name servers for the zone containing the name
being
looked up and display the SOA record that each name server has
for the
zone.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]trace</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Toggle tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers
for
the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When
tracing is enabled, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> makes
iterative queries to
resolve the name being looked up. It will follow referrals from
the
root servers, showing the answer from each server that was used
to
resolve the lookup.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]cmd</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output
identifying
the version of <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> and the query
options that have
been applied. This comment is printed by default.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]short</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Provide a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a
verbose form.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]identify</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Show [or do not show] the IP address and port number that
supplied the
answer when the <em class="parameter"><code>+short</code></em> option
is enabled. If
short form answers are requested, the default is not to show the
source address and port number of the server that provided the
answer.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]comments</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Toggle the display of comment lines in the output. The default
is to
print comments.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]stats</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
This query option toggles the printing of statistics: when the
query
was made, the size of the reply and so on. The default
behavior is
to print the query statistics.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]qr</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print [do not print] the query as it is sent.
By default, the query is not printed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]question</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print [do not print] the question section of a query when an
answer is
returned. The default is to print the question section as a
comment.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]answer</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Display [do not display] the answer section of a reply. The
default
is to display it.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]authority</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Display [do not display] the authority section of a reply. The
default is to display it.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]additional</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Display [do not display] the additional section of a reply.
The default is to display it.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]all</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set or clear all display flags.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+time=T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the timeout for a query to
<em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> seconds. The default
timeout is 5 seconds.
An attempt to set <em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> to less
than 1 will result
in a query timeout of 1 second being applied.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+tries=T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to
<em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> instead of the default, 3.
If
<em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> is less than or equal to
zero, the number of
tries is silently rounded up to 1.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+retry=T</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to
<em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> instead of the default, 2.
Unlike
<em class="parameter"><code>+tries</code></em>, this does not include
the initial
query.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+ndots=D</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set the number of dots that have to appear in
<em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em> to <em class="parameter"><code>D</code></em> for it to be
considered absolute. The default value is that defined using
the
ndots statement in <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>, or 1 if no
ndots statement is present. Names with fewer dots are
interpreted as
relative names and will be searched for in the domains listed in
the
<code class="option">search</code> or <code class="option">domain</code> directive in
<code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+bufsize=B</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to
<em class="parameter"><code>B</code></em> bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes
of this buffer are 65535 and 0 respectively. Values outside
this range are rounded up or down appropriately.
Values other than zero will cause a EDNS query to be sent.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+edns=#</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify the EDNS version to query with. Valid values
are 0 to 255. Setting the EDNS version will cause a
EDNS query to be sent. <code class="option">+noedns</code> clears the
remembered EDNS version.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]multiline</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print records like the SOA records in a verbose multi-line
format with human-readable comments. The default is to print
each record on a single line, to facilitate machine parsing
of the <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> output.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]fail</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Do not try the next server if you receive a SERVFAIL. The
default is
to not try the next server which is the reverse of normal stub
resolver
behavior.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]besteffort</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Attempt to display the contents of messages which are malformed.
The default is to not display malformed answers.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]dnssec</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Requests DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK bit
(DO)
in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]sigchase</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Chase DNSSEC signature chains. Requires dig be compiled with
-DDIG_SIGCHASE.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+trusted-key=####</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Specifies a file containing trusted keys to be used with
<code class="option">+sigchase</code>. Each DNSKEY record must be
on its own line.
</p>
<p>
If not specified, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will look for
<code class="filename">/etc/trusted-key.key</code> then
<code class="filename">trusted-key.key</code> in the current directory.
</p>
<p>
Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]topdown</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When chasing DNSSEC signature chains perform a top-down
validation.
Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]nsid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Include an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2631257"></a><h2>MULTIPLE QUERIES</h2>
<p>
The BIND 9 implementation of <span><strong class="command">dig </strong></span>
supports
specifying multiple queries on the command line (in addition to
supporting the <code class="option">-f</code> batch file option). Each of those
queries can be supplied with its own set of flags, options and query
options.
</p>
<p>
In this case, each <em class="parameter"><code>query</code></em> argument
represent an
individual query in the command-line syntax described above. Each
consists of any of the standard options and flags, the name to be
looked up, an optional query type and class and any query options that
should be applied to that query.
</p>
<p>
A global set of query options, which should be applied to all queries,
can also be supplied. These global query options must precede the
first tuple of name, class, type, options, flags, and query options
supplied on the command line. Any global query options (except
the <code class="option">+[no]cmd</code> option) can be
overridden by a query-specific set of query options. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
dig +qr www.isc.org any -x 127.0.0.1 isc.org ns +noqr
</pre>
<p>
shows how <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> could be used from the
command line
to make three lookups: an ANY query for <code class="literal">www.isc.org</code>, a
reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1 and a query for the NS records of
<code class="literal">isc.org</code>.
A global query option of <em class="parameter"><code>+qr</code></em> is
applied, so
that <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> shows the initial query it made
for each
lookup. The final query has a local query option of
<em class="parameter"><code>+noqr</code></em> which means that <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
will not print the initial query when it looks up the NS records for
<code class="literal">isc.org</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2631342"></a><h2>IDN SUPPORT</h2>
<p>
If <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> has been built with IDN (internationalized
domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names.
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> appropriately converts character encoding of
domain name before sending a request to DNS server or displaying a
reply from the server.
If you'd like to turn off the IDN support for some reason, defines
the <code class="envar">IDN_DISABLE</code> environment variable.
The IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when
<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> runs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2631371"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<p><code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>
</p>
<p><code class="filename">${HOME}/.digrc</code>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2631393"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">host</span>(1)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC1035</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2631430"></a><h2>BUGS</h2>
<p>
There are probably too many query options.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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