754 lines
20 KiB
Groff
754 lines
20 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Daniel C. Sobral
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $Id: loader.8,v 1.7 1999/06/23 09:06:18 ru Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Note: The date here should be updated whenever a non-trivial
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.\" change is made to the manual page.
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.Dd March 14, 1999
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.Dt LOADER 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm loader
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.Nd system bootstrap stage three
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The program called
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.Nm
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is the third stage of FreeBSD's three stage bootstrap.
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It is a
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.Pa BTX
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client linked statically to
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.Xr libstand 3
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and usually located in the directory
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.Pa /boot .
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.Pp
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It provides a scripting language that can be used to
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automate tasks, do pre-configuration or assist in recovery
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procedures. This scripting language is roughly divided in
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two main components. The smaller one is a set of commands
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designed for direct use by the casual user, called "builtin
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commands" for historical reasons. The main drive behind
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these commands is user-friendlyness. The bigger component
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is an
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.Tn ANS
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Forth compatible Forth interpreter based on
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ficl, by
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.An John Sadler .
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.Pp
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During initialization,
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.Nm
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will probe for a console and set the
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.Va console
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variable, or set it to serial console
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.Pq Dq comconsole
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if the previous boot stage used that. Then, devices are probed,
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.Va currdev
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and
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.Va loaddev
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are set, and
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.Va LINES
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is set to 24 . Next,
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.Tn FICL
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is initialized, the builtin words are added to its vocabulary, and
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.Pa /boot/boot.4th
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will be processed if it exists. No disk switching is possible while
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that file is being read. The inner interpreter
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.Nm
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will use with
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.Tn FICL
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is then set to
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.Ic interpret ,
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which is
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.Tn FICL Ns 's
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default. After that,
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.Pa /boot/loader.rc
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is processed if available, and, failing that,
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.Pa /boot/boot.conf
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will be read for historical reasons. These files are processed
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through the
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.Ic include
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command, which read all of them into memory before processing them,
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making disk changes possible.
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.Pp
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At this point, if an
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.Ic autoboot
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has not been tried, and if
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.Va autoboot_delay
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is not set to
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.Dq NO
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(not case sensitive), then an
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.Ic autoboot
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will be tried. If the system gets past this point,
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.Va prompt
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will be set and
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.Nm
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will engage interactive mode.
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.Sh BUILTIN COMMANDS
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.Nm Loader Ns No 's
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builtin commands take its parameters from the command line. Presently,
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the only way to call them from a script is by using
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.Pa evaluate
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on a string. If an error condition occurs, an exception will be
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generated, which can be intercepted using
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.Tn ANS
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Forth exception handling
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words. If not intercepted, an error message will be displayed and
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the interpreter's state will be reset, emptying the stack and restoring
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interpreting mode.
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.Pp
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The builtin commands available are:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact -offset indent
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.It Ic autoboot Op Ar seconds
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Proceeds to bootstrap the system after a number of seconds, if not
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interrupted by the user. Displays a countdown prompt warning the
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user the system is about to be booted, unless interrupted by a key
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press. The kernel will be loaded first if necessary. Defaults to
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10 seconds.
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.Pp
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.It Ic bcachestat
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Displays statistics about disk cache usage. For depuration only.
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.Pp
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.It Ic boot
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.It Ic boot Ar kernelname Op Cm ...
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.It Ic boot Fl flag Cm ...
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Immediately proceeds to bootstrap the system, loading the kernel
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if necessary. Any flags or arguments are passed to the kernel, but they
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must precede the kernel name, if a kernel name is provided.
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.Pp
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.It Ic echo Xo
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.Op Fl n
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.Op Aq message
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.Xc
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Displays a text on the screen. A new line will be printed unless
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.Fl n
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is specified.
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.Pp
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.It Ic heap
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Displays memory usage statistics. For debugging purposes only.
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.Pp
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.It Ic help Op topic Op subtopic
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Shows help messages read from
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.Pa /boot/loader.help .
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The special topic
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.Em index
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will list the topics available.
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.Pp
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.It Ic include Ar file Op Ar
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Process script files. Each file is, at a turn, completely read into
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memory, and then have each of its lines passed to the command line
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interpreter. If any error is returned by the interpreter, the include
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commands aborts immediately, without reading any other files, and
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returns an error itself (see
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.Sx ERRORS ) .
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.Pp
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.It Ic load Xo
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.Op Fl t Ar type
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.Ar file Cm ...
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.Xc
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Loads a kernel, kernel loadable module (kld), or a file of opaque
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contents tagged as being of the type
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.Ar type .
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Kernel and modules can be either in a.out or elf format. Any arguments
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passed after the name of the file to be loaded will be passed as
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arguments to that file. Notice, though, that, at the present, this does
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not work for the kernel.
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.Pp
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.It Ic ls Xo
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.Op Fl l
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.Op Ar path
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.Xc
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Displays a listing of files in the directory
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.Ar path ,
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or the root directory if
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.Ar path
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is not specified. If
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.Fl l
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is specified, file sizes will be shown too.
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.Pp
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.It Ic lsdev Op Fl v
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Lists all of the devices from which it may be possible to load modules. If
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.Fl v
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is specified, more details are printed.
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.Pp
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.It Ic lsmod Op Fl v
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Displays loaded modules. If
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.Fl v
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is specified, more details are shown.
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.Pp
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.It Ic more Ar file Op Ar
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Display the files specified, with a pause at each
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.Va LINES
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displayed.
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.Pp
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.It Ic pnpscan Op Fl v
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Scans for Plug-and-Play devices. This is not functional at the present.
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.Pp
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.It Ic read Xo
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.Op Fl t Ar seconds
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.Op Fl p Ar prompt
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.Op Va variable
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.Xc
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Reads a line of input from the terminal, storing it in
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.Va variable
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if specified. A timeout can be specified with
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.Fl t ,
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though it will be canceled at the first key pressed. A prompt may
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also be displayed through the
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.Fl p
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flag.
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.Pp
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.It Ic reboot
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Immediately reboots the system.
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.Pp
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.It Ic set Ar variable
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.It Ic set Ar variable Ns = Ns Ar value
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Set loader's environment variables.
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.Pp
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.It Ic show Op Va variable
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Displays the specified variable's value, or all variables and their
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values if
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.Va variable
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is not specified.
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.Pp
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.It Ic unload
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Remove all modules from memory.
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.Pp
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.It Ic unset Va variable
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Removes
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.Va variable
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from the environment.
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.Pp
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.It Ic \&?
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Same as
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.Dq help index .
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.Pp
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.El
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.Ss BUILTIN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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The
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.Nm
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has actually two different kinds of
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.Sq environment
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variables. There are ANS Forth's
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.Em environmental queries ,
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and a separate space of environment variables used by builtins, which
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are not directly available to Forth words. It is the later ones that
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this session covers.
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.Pp
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Environment variables can be set and unset through the use of the
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.Ic set
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and
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.Ic unset
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builtins, and have their value interactively examined through the
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use of the
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.Ic show
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builtin. Their values can also be accessed as described in
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.Sx BUILTIN PARSER .
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.Pp
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Notice that this environment variables are not inherited by any shell
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after the system has been booted.
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.Pp
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A few variables are set automatically by
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.Nm loader .
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Others can affect either
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.Nm
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or kernel's behavior at boot. While some of these may require a value,
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others define behavior just by being set. These are described below.
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.Bl -tag -width bootfile -offset indent
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.It Va autoboot_delay
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Number of seconds
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.Ic autoboot
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will wait before booting. If this variable is not defined,
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.Ic autoboot
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will default to 10 seconds.
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.Pp
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If set to
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.Dq NO ,
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no
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.Ic autoboot
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will be automatically attempted after processing
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.Pa /boot/loader.rc ,
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though explict
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.Ic autoboot Ns 's
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will be processed normally, defaulting to 10 seconds delay.
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.It Va boot_askname
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Instructs the kernel to prompt the user for the name of the root device
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when the kernel is booted.
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.It Va boot_ddb
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Instructs the kernel to start in the DDB debugger, rather than
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proceeding to initialise when booted.
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.It Va boot_gdb
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Selects gdb-remote mode for the kernel debugger by default.
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.It Va boot_single
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Prevents the kernel from initiating a multi-user startup, single-user
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mode will be entered when the kernel has finished device probes.
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.It Va boot_userconfig
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Requests that the kernel's interactive device configuration program
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be run when the kernel is booted.
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.It Va boot_verbose
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Setting this variable causes extra debugging information to be printed
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by the kernel during the boot phase.
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.It Va bootfile
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List of semicolon-separated search path for bootable kernels. The default
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is
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.Li Dq kernel;kernel.old .
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.It Va console
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Defines the current console.
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.It Va currdev
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Selects the default device. Syntax for devices is odd.
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.It Va init_path
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Sets the list of binaries which the kernel will try to run as initial
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process. The default is
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.Li Dq /sbin/init:/sbin/oinit:/sbin/init.bak:/stand/sysinstall .
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.It Va interpret
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Has the value
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.Li Dq ok
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if the Forth's current state is interpreting.
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.It Va LINES
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Define the number of lines on the screen, to be used by the pager.
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.It Va module_path
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Sets the list of directories which will be searched in for modules
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named in a load command or implicitly required by a dependancy. The
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default value for this variable is
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.Li Dq /;/boot;/modules .
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.It Va num_ide_disks
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Sets the number of IDE disks as a work around for some problems in
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finding the root disk at boot. This has been deprecated in favour of
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.Va root_disk_unit .
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.It Va prompt
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Value of
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.Nm Ns No 's
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prompt. Defaults to
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.Li Dq "${currdev}>" .
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.It Va root_disk_unit
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If the code which detects the disk unit number for the root disk is
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confused, eg. by a mix of SCSI and IDE disks, or IDE disks with
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gaps in the sequence (eg. no primary slave), the unit number can
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be forced by setting this variable.
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.It Va rootdev
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By default the value of
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.Va currdev
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is used to set the root filesystem
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when the kernel is booted. This can be overridden by setting
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.Va rootdev
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explicitly.
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.El
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.Pp
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Other variables are used to override kernel tunnable parameters.
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The following tunables are available:
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.Bl -tag -width Va -offset indent
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.It Va kern.ipc.nmbclusters
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Set the number of mbuf clusters to be allocated. The value
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cannot be set below the default determined when the kernel
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was compiled. Modifies
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.Va NMBCLUSTERS .
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.It Va kern.vm.kmem.size
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Sets the size of kernel memory (bytes). This overrides
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completely the value determined when the kernel was
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compiled. Modifies
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.Va VM_KMEM_SIZE .
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.It Va machdep.pccard.pcic_irq
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Overrides the IRQ normally assigned to a PCCARD controller.
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Typically the first available interrupt will be allocated,
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which may conflict with other hardware. If this value is
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set to 0, an interrupt will not be assigned and the
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controller will operate in polled mode only.
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.It Va net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize
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Overrides the compile-time set value of
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.Va TCBHASHSIZE
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or the preset default of 512. Must be a power of 2.
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.El
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.Ss BUILTIN PARSER
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When a builtin command is executed, the rest of the line is taken
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by it as arguments, and it is processed by a special parser which
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is not used for regular Forth commands.
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.Pp
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This special parser applies the following rules to the parsed text:
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.Pp
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.Bl -enum
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.It
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All backslash characters are preprocessed.
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.Bl -bullet
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.It
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\eb , \ef , \er , \en and \et are processed as by C's
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.Fn printf .
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.It
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\es is converted to a space.
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.It
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\ev is converted to
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.Tn ASCII
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11.
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.It
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\ez is just skipped. Useful for things like
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.Dq \e0xf\ez\e0xf .
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.It
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\e0xN and \e0xNN are replaced by the hex N or NN.
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.It
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\eNNN is replaced by the octal NNN
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.Tn ASCII
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character.
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.It
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\e" , \e' and \e$ will escape these characters, preventing them from
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receiving special semantics on the step 2 described below.
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.It
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\e\e will be replaced with a single \e .
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.It
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In any other occurance, backslash will just be removed.
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.El
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.It
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Every string between non-escaped quotes or double-quotes will be treated
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as a single word for the purposes of the remaining steps.
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.It
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Replace any
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.Li $VARIABLE
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or
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.Li ${VARIABLE}
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with the value of the environemnt variable
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.Va VARIABLE .
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.It
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Passes multiple space-delimited arguments to the builtin command called.
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Spaces can also be escaped through the use of \e\e .
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.El
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.Pp
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An exception to this parsing rule exists, and is described in
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.Sx BUILTINS AND FORTH .
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.Ss BUILTINS AND FORTH
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All builtin words are state-smart, immediate words. If interpreted, they
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behave exactly as described previously. If they are compiled, though,
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they extract their arguments from the stack instead of the command line.
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.Pp
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If compiled, the builtin words expect to find, at execution time, the
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following parameters on the stack:
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.D1 Ar addrN lenN ... addr2 len2 addr1 len1 N
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where
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.Ar addrX lenX
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are strings which will compose the command line that will be parsed
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into the builtin's arguments. Internally, these strings are
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concatenated in from 1 to N, with a space put between each one.
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.Pp
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If no arguments are passed, a 0
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.Em must
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be passed, even if the builtin accepts no arguments.
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.Pp
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While this behavior has benefits, it has its trade-offs. If the
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execution token of a builtin is acquired (through
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.Ic No '
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or
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.Ic No ['] ) ,
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and then passed to
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.Ic catch
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or
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.Ic execute ,
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the builtin behavior will depend on the system state
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.Bf Em
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at the time
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.Ic catch
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or
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.Ic execute
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is processed
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.Ef
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\&! This is particular annoying for programs that want or need to
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treat exceptions. In this case, it is recommended the use of a proxy.
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|
For example:
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.Dl : (boot) boot ;
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.Sh FICL
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
is a Forth interpreter written in C, in the form of a forth
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|
virtual machine library that can be called by C functions and vice
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|
versa.
|
|
.Pp
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|
In
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.Nm No ,
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each line read interactively is then fed to
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.Tn FICL ,
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which may call
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.Nm
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|
back to execute the builtin words. The builtin
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.Ic include
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will also feed
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.Tn FICL ,
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one line at a time.
|
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.Pp
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|
The words available to
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.Tn FICL
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can be classified in four groups. The
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.Tn ANS
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Forth standard words, extra
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.Tn FICL
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words, extra
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.Os
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words, and the builtin commands. The later were already described. The
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.Tn ANS
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Forth standard words are listed in the
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.Sx STANDARDS
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section. The words falling in the two other groups are described in the
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following subsections.
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|
.Ss FICL EXTRA WORDS
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|
.Bl -tag -width wid-set-super -offset indent
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.It Ic .env
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.It Ic .ver
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.It Ic -roll
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.It Ic 2constant
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.It Ic >name
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.It Ic body>
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.It Ic compare
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|
This the STRING word set's
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.Ic compare .
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.It Ic compile-only
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.It Ic endif
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.It Ic forget-wid
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.It Ic parse-word
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.It Ic sliteral
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This is the STRING word set's
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.Ic sliteral .
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.It Ic wid-set-super
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|
.It Ic w@
|
|
.It Ic w!
|
|
.It Ic x.
|
|
.It Ic empty
|
|
.It Ic cell-
|
|
.It Ic -rot
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss FREEBSD EXTRA WORDS
|
|
.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXX -offset indent
|
|
.It Ic tib> Pq -- Ar addr len
|
|
Returns the remainder of the input buffer as a string on the stack.
|
|
.It Ic \&% Pq --
|
|
Evaluates the remainder of the input buffer under a
|
|
.Ic catch
|
|
exception guard.
|
|
.It Ic \&$ Pq --
|
|
Evaluates the remainder of the input buffer, after having printed it first.
|
|
.It Ic fopen Pq Ar addr len -- fd
|
|
Open a file. Returns a file descriptor, or -1 in case of failure.
|
|
.It Ic fclose Pq Ar fd --
|
|
Closes a file.
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Ic fread
|
|
.Pq Ar fd addr len -- len'
|
|
.Xc
|
|
Tries to read
|
|
.Em len
|
|
bytes from file
|
|
.Em fd
|
|
into buffer
|
|
.Em addr .
|
|
Returns the actual number of bytes read, or -1 in case of error or end of
|
|
file.
|
|
.It Ic fload Pq Ar fd --
|
|
Process file
|
|
.Em fd .
|
|
.It Ic fkey Pq Ar fd -- char
|
|
Reads a single character from a file.
|
|
.It Ic key Pq -- Ar char
|
|
Reads a single character from the console.
|
|
.It Ic key? Pq -- Ar flag
|
|
Returns
|
|
.Ic true
|
|
if there is a character available to be read from the console.
|
|
.It Ic ms Pq Ar u --
|
|
Waits
|
|
.Em u
|
|
microseconds.
|
|
.It Ic seconds Pq -- Ar u
|
|
Returns the number of seconds since midnight.
|
|
.It Ic trace! Pq Ar flag --
|
|
Activates or deactivates tracing. Does not work with
|
|
.Ic catch .
|
|
.It Ic outb Pq Ar port char --
|
|
Writes a byte to a port.
|
|
.It Ic inb Pq Ar port -- char
|
|
Reads a byte from a port.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss FREEBSD DEFINED ENVIRONMENTAL QUERIES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
|
|
.It arch-i386
|
|
.Ic TRUE
|
|
if the architecture is IA32.
|
|
.It arch-alpha
|
|
.Ic TRUE
|
|
if the architecture is AXP.
|
|
.It FreeBSD_version
|
|
.Fx
|
|
version at compile time.
|
|
.It loader_version
|
|
.Nm
|
|
version.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /dev/loader.helpX -compact
|
|
.It Pa /boot/loader
|
|
.Nm
|
|
itself.
|
|
.It Pa /boot/boot.4th
|
|
Additional
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
initialization.
|
|
.It Pa /boot/boot.conf
|
|
.Nm
|
|
bootstrapping script. Deprecated.
|
|
.It Pa /boot/loader.rc
|
|
.Nm
|
|
bootstrapping script.
|
|
.It Pa /boot/loader.help
|
|
Loaded by
|
|
.Ic help .
|
|
Contains the help messages.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
Boot in single user mode:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl boot -s
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Loads kernel's user configuration file. Notice that a kernel must be
|
|
loaded before any other
|
|
.Ic load
|
|
command is attempted.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
|
|
load kernel
|
|
load -t userconfig_script /boot/kernel.conf
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Loads the kernel, a splash screen, and then autoboots in five seconds.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
|
|
load kernel
|
|
load splash_bmp
|
|
load -t splash_image_data /boot/chuckrulez.bmp
|
|
autoboot 5
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Sets the disk unit of the root device to 2, and then boots. This would
|
|
be needed in the case of a two IDE disks system, with the second IDE
|
|
hardwired to wd2 instead of wd1.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
|
|
set root_disk_unit=2
|
|
boot /kernel
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
See also:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/examples/bootforth/X
|
|
.It Pa /boot/loader.4th
|
|
Extra builtin-like words.
|
|
.It Pa /boot/support.4th
|
|
.Pa loader.conf
|
|
processing words.
|
|
.It Pa /usr/share/examples/bootforth/
|
|
Assorted examples.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh ERRORS
|
|
The following values are thrown by
|
|
.Nm :
|
|
.Bl -tag -width XXXXX -offset indent
|
|
.It 100
|
|
Any type of error in the processing of a builtin.
|
|
.It -1
|
|
.Ic Abort
|
|
executed.
|
|
.It -2
|
|
.Ic Abort"
|
|
executed.
|
|
.It -56
|
|
.Ic Quit
|
|
executed.
|
|
.It -256
|
|
Out of interpreting text.
|
|
.It -257
|
|
Need more text to succeed -- will finish on next run.
|
|
.It -258
|
|
.Ic Bye
|
|
executed.
|
|
.It -259
|
|
Unspecified error.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr libstand 3 ,
|
|
.Xr loader.conf 5 ,
|
|
.Xr boot 8 ,
|
|
.Xr btxld 8
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
For the purposes of ANS Forth compliance, loader is an
|
|
.Bf Em
|
|
ANS Forth System with Environmental Restrictions, Providing
|
|
.Ef
|
|
.Bf Li
|
|
.No .( ,
|
|
.No :noname ,
|
|
.No ?do ,
|
|
parse, pick, roll, refill, to, value, \e, false, true,
|
|
.No <> ,
|
|
.No 0<> ,
|
|
compile\&, , erase, nip, tuck
|
|
.Ef
|
|
.Em and
|
|
.Li marker
|
|
.Bf Em
|
|
from the Core Extensions word set, Providing the Exception Extensions
|
|
word set, Providing the Locals Extensions word set, Providing the
|
|
Memory-Allocation Extensions word set, Providing
|
|
.Ef
|
|
.Bf Li
|
|
\&.s ,
|
|
bye, forget, see, words,
|
|
\&[if] ,
|
|
\&[else]
|
|
.Ef
|
|
.Em and
|
|
.Li No [then]
|
|
.Bf Em
|
|
from the Programming-Tools extension word set, Providing the
|
|
Search-Order extensions word set.
|
|
.Ef
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
.Nm
|
|
first appeared in
|
|
.Fx 3.1 .
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.Bl -item
|
|
.It
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was written by
|
|
.An Michael Smith Aq msmith@freebsd.org .
|
|
.It
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
was written by
|
|
.An John Sadler Aq john_sadler@alum.mit.edu .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
.Tn FICL
|
|
is case sensitive. Though this is not a standard violation, all Forth
|
|
words are lower cased, which would result in a standard violation. Do
|
|
not rely on this bug.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic expect
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic accept
|
|
words will read from the input buffer instead of the console. The latter
|
|
will be fixed, but the former will not.
|
|
|