204fa3b066
Add examples for -r, -u, -N, -x, -q and -I Approved by: 0mp@ Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D25345
689 lines
16 KiB
Groff
689 lines
16 KiB
Groff
.\" $OpenBSD: diff.1,v 1.47 2015/11/24 19:35:41 jmc Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)diff.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/30/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd June 19, 2020
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.Dt DIFF 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm diff
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.Nd differential file and directory comparator
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm diff
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.Op Fl aBbdipTtw
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.Oo
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.Fl c | e | f |
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.Fl n | q | u | y
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.Oc
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.Op Fl -brief
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.Op Fl -changed-group-format Ar GFMT
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.Op Fl -ed
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.Op Fl -expand-tabs
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.Op Fl -forward-ed
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.Op Fl -ignore-all-space
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.Op Fl -ignore-case
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.Op Fl -ignore-space-change
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.Op Fl -initial-tab
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.Op Fl -minimal
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.Op Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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.Op Fl -normal
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.Op Fl -rcs
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.Op Fl -show-c-function
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.Op Fl -starting-file
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.Op Fl -speed-large-files
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.Op Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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.Op Fl -tabsize Ar number
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.Op Fl -text
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.Op Fl -unified
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.Op Fl I Ar pattern | Fl -ignore-matching-lines Ar pattern
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.Op Fl L Ar label | Fl -label Ar label
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.Ar file1 file2
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.Nm diff
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.Op Fl aBbdilpTtw
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.Op Fl I Ar pattern | Fl -ignore-matching-lines Ar pattern
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.Op Fl L Ar label | Fl -label Ar label
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.Op Fl -brief
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.Op Fl -changed-group-format Ar GFMT
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.Op Fl -ed
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.Op Fl -expand-tabs
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.Op Fl -forward-ed
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.Op Fl -ignore-all-space
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.Op Fl -ignore-case
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.Op Fl -ignore-space-change
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.Op Fl -initial-tab
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.Op Fl -minimal
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.Op Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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.Op Fl -normal
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.Op Fl -paginate
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.Op Fl -rcs
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.Op Fl -show-c-function
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.Op Fl -speed-large-files
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.Op Fl -starting-file
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.Op Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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.Op Fl -tabsize Ar number
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.Op Fl -text
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.Fl C Ar number | -context Ar number
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.Ar file1 file2
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.Nm diff
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.Op Fl aBbdiltw
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.Op Fl I Ar pattern | Fl -ignore-matching-lines Ar pattern
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.Op Fl -brief
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.Op Fl -changed-group-format Ar GFMT
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.Op Fl -ed
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.Op Fl -expand-tabs
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.Op Fl -forward-ed
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.Op Fl -ignore-all-space
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.Op Fl -ignore-case
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.Op Fl -ignore-space-change
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.Op Fl -initial-tab
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.Op Fl -minimal
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.Op Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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.Op Fl -normal
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.Op Fl -paginate
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.Op Fl -rcs
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.Op Fl -show-c-function
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.Op Fl -speed-large-files
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.Op Fl -starting-file
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.Op Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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.Op Fl -tabsize Ar number
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.Op Fl -text
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.Fl D Ar string | Fl -ifdef Ar string
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.Ar file1 file2
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.Nm diff
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.Op Fl aBbdilpTtw
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.Op Fl I Ar pattern | Fl -ignore-matching-lines Ar pattern
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.Op Fl L Ar label | Fl -label Ar label
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.Op Fl -brief
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.Op Fl -changed-group-format Ar GFMT
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.Op Fl -ed
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.Op Fl -expand-tabs
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.Op Fl -forward-ed
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.Op Fl -ignore-all-space
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.Op Fl -ignore-case
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.Op Fl -ignore-space-change
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.Op Fl -initial-tab
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.Op Fl -minimal
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.Op Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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.Op Fl -normal
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.Op Fl -paginate
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.Op Fl -rcs
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.Op Fl -show-c-function
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.Op Fl -speed-large-files
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.Op Fl -starting-file
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.Op Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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.Op Fl -tabsize Ar number
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.Op Fl -text
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.Fl U Ar number | Fl -unified Ar number
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.Ar file1 file2
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.Nm diff
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.Op Fl aBbdilNPprsTtw
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.Oo
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.Fl c | e | f |
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.Fl n | q | u
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.Oc
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.Op Fl -brief
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.Op Fl -changed-group-format Ar GFMT
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.Op Fl -context
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.Op Fl -ed
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.Op Fl -expand-tabs
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.Op Fl -forward-ed
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.Op Fl -ignore-all-space
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.Op Fl -ignore-case
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.Op Fl -ignore-space-change
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.Op Fl -initial-tab
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.Op Fl -minimal
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.Op Fl -new-file
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.Op Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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.Op Fl -normal
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.Op Fl -paginate
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.Op Fl -rcs
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.Op Fl -recursive
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.Op Fl -report-identical-files
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.Op Fl -show-c-function
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.Op Fl -speed-large-files
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.Op Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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.Op Fl -tabsize Ar number
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.Op Fl -text
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.Op Fl -unidirectional-new-file
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.Op Fl -unified
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.Op Fl I Ar pattern | Fl -ignore-matching-lines Ar pattern
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl L Ar label | Fl -label Ar label
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.Op Fl S Ar name | Fl -starting-file Ar name
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.Op Fl X Ar file | Fl -exclude-from Ar file
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.Op Fl x Ar pattern | Fl -exclude Ar pattern
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.Ek
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.Ar dir1 dir2
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.Nm diff
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.Op Fl aBbditwW
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.Op Fl -expand-tabs
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.Op Fl -ignore-all-blanks
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.Op Fl -ignore-blank-lines
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.Op Fl -ignore-case
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.Op Fl -minimal
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.Op Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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.Op Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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.Op Fl -suppress-common-lines
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.Op Fl -tabsize Ar number
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.Op Fl -text
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.Op Fl -width
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.Fl y | Fl -side-by-side
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.Ar file1 file2
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility compares the contents of
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2
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and writes to the standard output the list of changes necessary to
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convert one file into the other.
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No output is produced if the files are identical.
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.Pp
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Output options (mutually exclusive):
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl C Ar number Fl -context Ar number
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Like
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.Fl c
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but produces a diff with
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.Ar number
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lines of context.
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.It Fl c
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Produces a diff with 3 lines of context.
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With
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.Fl c
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the output format is modified slightly:
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the output begins with identification of the files involved and
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their creation dates and then each change is separated
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by a line with fifteen
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.Li * Ns 's .
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The lines removed from
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.Ar file1
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are marked with
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.Sq \&-\ \& ;
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those added to
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.Ar file2
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are marked
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.Sq +\ \& .
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Lines which are changed from one file to the other are marked in
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both files with
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.Sq !\ \& .
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Changes which lie within 3 lines of each other are grouped together on
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output.
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.It Fl D Ar string Fl -ifdef Ar string
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Creates a merged version of
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2
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on the standard output, with C preprocessor controls included so that
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a compilation of the result without defining
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.Ar string
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is equivalent to compiling
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.Ar file1 ,
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while defining
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.Ar string
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will yield
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.Ar file2 .
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.It Fl e -ed
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Produces output in a form suitable as input for the editor utility,
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.Xr ed 1 ,
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which can then be used to convert file1 into file2.
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.Pp
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Extra commands are added to the output when comparing directories with
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.Fl e ,
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so that the result is a
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.Xr sh 1
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script for converting text files which are common to the two directories
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from their state in
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.Ar dir1
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to their state in
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.Ar dir2 .
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.It Fl f -forward-ed
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Identical output to that of the
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.Fl e
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flag, but in reverse order.
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It cannot be digested by
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.Xr ed 1 .
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.It Fl n
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Produces a script similar to that of
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.Fl e ,
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but in the opposite order and with a count of changed lines on each
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insert or delete command.
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This is the form used by rcsdiff.
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.It Fl q -brief
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Just print a line when the files differ.
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Does not output a list of changes.
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.It Fl U Ar number Fl -unified Ar number
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Like
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.Fl u
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but produces a diff with
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.Ar number
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lines of context.
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.It Fl u
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Produces a
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.Em unified
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diff with 3 lines of context.
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A unified diff is similar to the context diff produced by the
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.Fl c
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option.
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However, unlike with
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.Fl c ,
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all lines to be changed (added and/or removed) are present in
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a single section.
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.It Fl y Fl -side-by-side
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Output in two columns with a marker between them.
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The marker can be one
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of the following:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
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.It space
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Corresponding lines are identical.
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.It '|'
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Corresponding lines are different.
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.It '<'
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Files differ and only the first file contains the line.
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.It '>'
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Files differ and only the second file contains the line.
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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Comparison options:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl a -text
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Treat all files as ASCII text.
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Normally
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.Nm
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will simply print
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.Dq Binary files ... differ
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if files contain binary characters.
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Use of this option forces
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.Nm
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to produce a diff.
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.It Fl B Fl -ignore-blank-lines
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Causes chunks that include only blank lines to be ignored.
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.It Fl b -ignore-space-change
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Causes trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) to be ignored, and other
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strings of blanks to compare equal.
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.It Fl d -minimal
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Try very hard to produce a diff as small as possible.
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This may consume a lot of processing power and memory when processing
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large files with many changes.
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.It Fl I Ar pattern Fl -ignore-matching-lines Ar pattern
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Ignores changes, insertions, and deletions whose lines match the
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extended regular expression
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.Ar pattern .
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Multiple
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.Fl I
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patterns may be specified.
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All lines in the change must match some pattern for the change to be
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ignored.
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See
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.Xr re_format 7
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for more information on regular expression patterns.
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.It Fl i -ignore-case
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Ignores the case of letters.
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E.g.,
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.Dq A
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will compare equal to
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.Dq a .
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.It Fl l -paginate
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Pass the output through
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.Xr pr 1
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to paginate it.
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.It Fl L Ar label Fl -label Ar label
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Print
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.Ar label
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instead of the first (and second, if this option is specified twice)
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file name and time in the context or unified diff header.
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.It Fl p -show-c-function
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With unified and context diffs, show with each change
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the first 40 characters of the last line before the context beginning
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with a letter, an underscore or a dollar sign.
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For C source code following standard layout conventions, this will
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show the prototype of the function the change applies to.
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.It Fl T -initial-tab
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Print a tab rather than a space before the rest of the line for the
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normal, context or unified output formats.
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This makes the alignment of tabs in the line consistent.
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.It Fl t -expand-tabs
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Will expand tabs in output lines.
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Normal or
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.Fl c
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output adds character(s) to the front of each line which may screw up
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the indentation of the original source lines and make the output listing
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difficult to interpret.
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This option will preserve the original source's indentation.
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.It Fl w -ignore-all-blanks
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Is similar to
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.Fl b -ignore-space-change
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but causes whitespace (blanks and tabs) to be totally ignored.
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E.g.,
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.Dq if (\ \&a == b \&)
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will compare equal to
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.Dq if(a==b) .
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.It Fl W Ar number Fl -width Ar number
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Output at most
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.Ar number
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columns when using side by side format.
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The default value is 130.
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.It Fl -changed-group-format Ar GFMT
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Format input groups in the provided
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.Pp
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the format is a string with special keywords:
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.Bl -tag -width %<
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.It %<
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lines from FILE1
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.It %<
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lines from FILE2
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.El
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.It Fl -ignore-file-name-case
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ignore case when comparing file names
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.It Fl -no-ignore-file-name-case
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do not ignore case wen comparing file names (default)
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.It Fl -normal
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default diff output
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.It Fl -speed-large-files
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stub option for compatibility with GNU diff
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.It Fl -strip-trailing-cr
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strip carriage return on input files
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.It Fl -suppress-common-lines
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Do not output common lines when using the side by side format
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.It Fl -tabsize Ar number
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Number of spaces representing a tab (default 8)
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.El
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.Pp
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Directory comparison options:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl N -new-file
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If a file is found in only one directory, act as if it was found in the
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other directory too but was of zero size.
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.It Fl P -unidirectional-new-file
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If a file is found only in
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.Ar dir2 ,
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act as if it was found in
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.Ar dir1
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too but was of zero size.
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.It Fl r -recursive
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Causes application of
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.Nm
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recursively to common subdirectories encountered.
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.It Fl S Ar name Fl -starting-file Ar name
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Re-starts a directory
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.Nm
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in the middle, beginning with file
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.Ar name .
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.It Fl s -report-identical-files
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Causes
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.Nm
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to report files which are the same, which are otherwise not mentioned.
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.It Fl X Ar file Fl -exclude-from Ar file
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Exclude files and subdirectories from comparison whose basenames match
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lines in
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.Ar file .
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Multiple
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.Fl X
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options may be specified.
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.It Fl x Ar pattern Fl -exclude Ar pattern
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Exclude files and subdirectories from comparison whose basenames match
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.Ar pattern .
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Patterns are matched using shell-style globbing via
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.Xr fnmatch 3 .
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Multiple
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.Fl x
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options may be specified.
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.El
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.Pp
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If both arguments are directories,
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.Nm
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sorts the contents of the directories by name, and then runs the
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regular file
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.Nm
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algorithm, producing a change list,
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on text files which are different.
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Binary files which differ,
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common subdirectories, and files which appear in only one directory
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are described as such.
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In directory mode only regular files and directories are compared.
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If a non-regular file such as a device special file or FIFO is encountered,
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a diagnostic message is printed.
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.Pp
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If only one of
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2
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is a directory,
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.Nm
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is applied to the non-directory file and the file contained in
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the directory file with a filename that is the same as the
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last component of the non-directory file.
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.Pp
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If either
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.Ar file1
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or
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.Ar file2
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is
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.Sq - ,
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the standard input is
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used in its place.
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.Ss Output Style
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The default (without
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.Fl e ,
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.Fl c ,
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or
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.Fl n -rcs
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.\" -C
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options)
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output contains lines of these forms, where
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.Va XX , YY , ZZ , QQ
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are line numbers respective of file order.
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "XX,YYcZZ,QQ" -compact
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.It Li XX Ns Ic a Ns Li YY
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At (the end of) line
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.Va XX
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of
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.Ar file1 ,
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append the contents
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of line
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.Va YY
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of
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.Ar file2
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to make them equal.
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.It Li XX Ns Ic a Ns Li YY,ZZ
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Same as above, but append the range of lines,
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.Va YY
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through
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.Va ZZ
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of
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.Ar file2
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to line
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.Va XX
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of file1.
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.It Li XX Ns Ic d Ns Li YY
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At line
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.Va XX
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delete
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the line.
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The value
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.Va YY
|
|
tells to which line the change would bring
|
|
.Ar file1
|
|
in line with
|
|
.Ar file2 .
|
|
.It Li XX,YY Ns Ic d Ns Li ZZ
|
|
Delete the range of lines
|
|
.Va XX
|
|
through
|
|
.Va YY
|
|
in
|
|
.Ar file1 .
|
|
.It Li XX Ns Ic c Ns Li YY
|
|
Change the line
|
|
.Va XX
|
|
in
|
|
.Ar file1
|
|
to the line
|
|
.Va YY
|
|
in
|
|
.Ar file2 .
|
|
.It Li XX,YY Ns Ic c Ns Li ZZ
|
|
Replace the range of specified lines with the line
|
|
.Va ZZ .
|
|
.It Li XX,YY Ns Ic c Ns Li ZZ,QQ
|
|
Replace the range
|
|
.Va XX , Ns Va YY
|
|
from
|
|
.Ar file1
|
|
with the range
|
|
.Va ZZ , Ns Va QQ
|
|
from
|
|
.Ar file2 .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
These lines resemble
|
|
.Xr ed 1
|
|
subcommands to convert
|
|
.Ar file1
|
|
into
|
|
.Ar file2 .
|
|
The line numbers before the action letters pertain to
|
|
.Ar file1 ;
|
|
those after pertain to
|
|
.Ar file2 .
|
|
Thus, by exchanging
|
|
.Ic a
|
|
for
|
|
.Ic d
|
|
and reading the line in reverse order, one can also
|
|
determine how to convert
|
|
.Ar file2
|
|
into
|
|
.Ar file1 .
|
|
As in
|
|
.Xr ed 1 ,
|
|
identical
|
|
pairs (where num1 = num2) are abbreviated as a single
|
|
number.
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /tmp/diff.XXXXXXXX -compact
|
|
.It Pa /tmp/diff.XXXXXXXX
|
|
Temporary file used when comparing a device or the standard input.
|
|
Note that the temporary file is unlinked as soon as it is created
|
|
so it will not show up in a directory listing.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXIT STATUS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility exits with one of the following values:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It 0
|
|
No differences were found.
|
|
.It 1
|
|
Differences were found.
|
|
.It >1
|
|
An error occurred.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
Compare
|
|
.Pa old_dir
|
|
and
|
|
.Pa new_dir
|
|
recursively generating an unified diff and treating files found only in one
|
|
of those directories as new files:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
$ diff -ruN /path/to/old_dir /path/to/new_dir
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Same as above but excluding files matching the expressions
|
|
.Dq *.h
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq *.c :
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
$ diff -ruN -x '*.h' -x '*.c' /path/to/old_dir /path/to/new_dir
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Show a single line indicating if the files differ:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
$ diff -q /boot/loader.conf /boot/defaults/loader.conf
|
|
Files /boot/loader.conf and /boot/defaults/loader.conf differ
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Assuming a file named
|
|
.Pa example.txt
|
|
with the following contents:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
FreeBSD is an operating system
|
|
Linux is a kernel
|
|
OpenBSD is an operating system
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Compare stdin with
|
|
.Pa example.txt
|
|
excluding from the comparison those lines containing either
|
|
.Qq Linux
|
|
or
|
|
.Qq Open :
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
$ echo "FreeBSD is an operating system" | diff -q -I 'Linux|Open' example.txt -
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr cmp 1 ,
|
|
.Xr comm 1 ,
|
|
.Xr diff3 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ed 1 ,
|
|
.Xr patch 1 ,
|
|
.Xr pr 1 ,
|
|
.Xr sdiff 1
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%A James W. Hunt
|
|
.%A M. Douglas McIlroy
|
|
.%T "An Algorithm for Differential File Comparison"
|
|
.%J Computing Science Technical Report
|
|
.%Q Bell Laboratories 41
|
|
.%D June 1976
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility is compliant with the
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2008
|
|
specification.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The flags
|
|
.Op Fl aDdIiLlNnPpqSsTtwXxy
|
|
are extensions to that specification.
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.At v6 .
|