904 lines
24 KiB
Groff
904 lines
24 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ip.4 8.2 (Berkeley) 11/30/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd September 1, 2014
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.Dt IP 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ip
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.Nd Internet Protocol
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/types.h
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.In sys/socket.h
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.In netinet/in.h
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.Ft int
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.Fn socket AF_INET SOCK_RAW proto
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Tn IP
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is the transport layer protocol used
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by the Internet protocol family.
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Options may be set at the
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.Tn IP
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level
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when using higher-level protocols that are based on
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.Tn IP
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(such as
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.Tn TCP
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and
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.Tn UDP ) .
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It may also be accessed
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through a
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.Dq raw socket
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when developing new protocols, or
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special-purpose applications.
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.Pp
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There are several
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.Tn IP-level
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.Xr setsockopt 2
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and
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.Xr getsockopt 2
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options.
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.Dv IP_OPTIONS
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may be used to provide
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.Tn IP
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options to be transmitted in the
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.Tn IP
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header of each outgoing packet
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or to examine the header options on incoming packets.
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.Tn IP
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options may be used with any socket type in the Internet family.
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The format of
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.Tn IP
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options to be sent is that specified by the
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.Tn IP
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protocol specification (RFC-791), with one exception:
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the list of addresses for Source Route options must include the first-hop
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gateway at the beginning of the list of gateways.
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The first-hop gateway address will be extracted from the option list
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and the size adjusted accordingly before use.
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To disable previously specified options,
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use a zero-length buffer:
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.Bd -literal
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, NULL, 0);
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_TOS
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and
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.Dv IP_TTL
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may be used to set the type-of-service and time-to-live
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fields in the
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.Tn IP
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header for
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM , SOCK_DGRAM ,
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and certain types of
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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sockets.
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For example,
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.Bd -literal
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int tos = IPTOS_LOWDELAY; /* see <netinet/ip.h> */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &tos, sizeof(tos));
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int ttl = 60; /* max = 255 */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_MINTTL
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may be used to set the minimum acceptable TTL a packet must have when
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received on a socket.
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All packets with a lower TTL are silently dropped.
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This option is only really useful when set to 255, preventing packets
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from outside the directly connected networks reaching local listeners
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on sockets.
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_DONTFRAG
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may be used to set the Don't Fragment flag on IP packets.
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Currently this option is respected only on
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.Xr udp 4
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and raw
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.Xr ip 4
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sockets, unless the
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.Dv IP_HDRINCL
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option has been set.
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On
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.Xr tcp 4
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sockets, the Don't Fragment flag is controlled by the Path
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MTU Discovery option.
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Sending a packet larger than the MTU size of the egress interface,
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determined by the destination address, returns an
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.Er EMSGSIZE
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error.
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_RECVDSTADDR
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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socket,
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the
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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call will return the destination
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.Tn IP
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address for a
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.Tn UDP
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datagram.
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The
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.Vt msg_control
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field in the
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.Vt msghdr
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structure points to a buffer
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that contains a
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.Vt cmsghdr
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structure followed by the
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.Tn IP
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address.
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The
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.Vt cmsghdr
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fields have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in_addr))
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_RECVDSTADDR
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The source address to be used for outgoing
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.Tn UDP
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datagrams on a socket can be specified as ancillary data with a type code of
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.Dv IP_SENDSRCADDR .
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The msg_control field in the msghdr structure should point to a buffer
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that contains a
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.Vt cmsghdr
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structure followed by the
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.Tn IP
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address.
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The cmsghdr fields should have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in_addr))
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_SENDSRCADDR
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The socket should be either bound to
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.Dv INADDR_ANY
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and a local port, and the address supplied with
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.Dv IP_SENDSRCADDR
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should't be
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.Dv INADDR_ANY ,
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or the socket should be bound to a local address and the address supplied with
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.Dv IP_SENDSRCADDR
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should be
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.Dv INADDR_ANY .
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In the latter case bound address is overriden via generic source address
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selection logic, which would choose IP address of interface closest to
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destination.
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.Pp
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For convenience,
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.Dv IP_SENDSRCADDR
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is defined to have the same value as
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.Dv IP_RECVDSTADDR ,
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so the
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.Dv IP_RECVDSTADDR
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control message from
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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can be used directly as a control message for
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.Xr sendmsg 2 .
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.\"
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_ONESBCAST
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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or a
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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socket, the destination address of outgoing
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broadcast datagrams on that socket will be forced
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to the undirected broadcast address,
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.Dv INADDR_BROADCAST ,
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before transmission.
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This is in contrast to the default behavior of the
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system, which is to transmit undirected broadcasts
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via the first network interface with the
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.Dv IFF_BROADCAST
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flag set.
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.Pp
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This option allows applications to choose which
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interface is used to transmit an undirected broadcast
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datagram.
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For example, the following code would force an
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undirected broadcast to be transmitted via the interface
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configured with the broadcast address 192.168.2.255:
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.Bd -literal
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char msg[512];
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struct sockaddr_in sin;
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int onesbcast = 1; /* 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ONESBCAST, &onesbcast, sizeof(onesbcast));
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sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("192.168.2.255");
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sin.sin_port = htons(1234);
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sendto(s, msg, sizeof(msg), 0, &sin, sizeof(sin));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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It is the application's responsibility to set the
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.Dv IP_TTL
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option
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to an appropriate value in order to prevent broadcast storms.
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The application must have sufficient credentials to set the
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.Dv SO_BROADCAST
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socket level option, otherwise the
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.Dv IP_ONESBCAST
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option has no effect.
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_BINDANY
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM ,
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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or a
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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socket, one can
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.Xr bind 2
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to any address, even one not bound to any available network interface in the
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system.
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This functionality (in conjunction with special firewall rules) can be used for
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implementing a transparent proxy.
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The
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.Dv PRIV_NETINET_BINDANY
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privilege is needed to set this option.
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_RECVTTL
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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socket, the
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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call will return the
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.Tn IP
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.Tn TTL
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(time to live) field for a
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.Tn UDP
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datagram.
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The msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer
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that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the
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.Tn TTL .
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The cmsghdr fields have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(u_char))
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_RECVTTL
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.Ed
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.\"
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_RECVTOS
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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socket, the
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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call will return the
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.Tn IP
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.Tn TOS
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(type of service) field for a
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.Tn UDP
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datagram.
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The msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer
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that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the
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.Tn TOS .
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The cmsghdr fields have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(u_char))
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_RECVTOS
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.Ed
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.\"
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_RECVIF
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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socket, the
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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call returns a
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.Vt "struct sockaddr_dl"
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corresponding to the interface on which the
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packet was received.
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The
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.Va msg_control
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field in the
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.Vt msghdr
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structure points to a buffer that contains a
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.Vt cmsghdr
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structure followed by the
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.Vt "struct sockaddr_dl" .
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The
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.Vt cmsghdr
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fields have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct sockaddr_dl))
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_RECVIF
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_PORTRANGE
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may be used to set the port range used for selecting a local port number
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on a socket with an unspecified (zero) port number.
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It has the following
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possible values:
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.Bl -tag -width IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
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.It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
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use the default range of values, normally
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.Dv IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO
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through
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.Dv IPPORT_HILASTAUTO .
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This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.first
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.last .
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.It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_HIGH
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use a high range of values, normally
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.Dv IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO
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and
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.Dv IPPORT_HILASTAUTO .
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This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.hifirst
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.hilast .
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.It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_LOW
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use a low range of ports, which are normally restricted to
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privileged processes on
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.Ux
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systems.
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The range is normally from
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.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED
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\- 1 down to
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.Li IPPORT_RESERVEDSTART
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in descending order.
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This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.lowfirst
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.lowlast .
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.El
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.Pp
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The range of privileged ports which only may be opened by
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root-owned processes may be modified by the
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedlow
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedhigh
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sysctl settings.
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The values default to the traditional range,
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0 through
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.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED
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\- 1
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(0 through 1023), respectively.
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Note that these settings do not affect and are not accounted for in the
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use or calculation of the other
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange
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values above.
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Changing these values departs from
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.Ux
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tradition and has security
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consequences that the administrator should carefully evaluate before
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modifying these settings.
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.Pp
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Ports are allocated at random within the specified port range in order
|
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to increase the difficulty of random spoofing attacks.
|
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In scenarios such as benchmarking, this behavior may be undesirable.
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In these cases,
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.randomized
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can be used to toggle randomization off.
|
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If more than
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps
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ports have been allocated in the last second, then return to sequential
|
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port allocation.
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Return to random allocation only once the current port allocation rate
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drops below
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps
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for at least
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime
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seconds.
|
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The default values for
|
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.randomcps
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and
|
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.randomtime
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are 10 port allocations per second and 45 seconds correspondingly.
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.Ss "Multicast Options"
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.Tn IP
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multicasting is supported only on
|
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.Dv AF_INET
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sockets of type
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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and
|
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.Dv SOCK_RAW ,
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and only on networks where the interface
|
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driver supports multicasting.
|
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.Pp
|
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The
|
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.Dv IP_MULTICAST_TTL
|
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option changes the time-to-live (TTL)
|
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for outgoing multicast datagrams
|
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in order to control the scope of the multicasts:
|
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.Bd -literal
|
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u_char ttl; /* range: 0 to 255, default = 1 */
|
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
|
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.Ed
|
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.Pp
|
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Datagrams with a TTL of 1 are not forwarded beyond the local network.
|
|
Multicast datagrams with a TTL of 0 will not be transmitted on any network,
|
|
but may be delivered locally if the sending host belongs to the destination
|
|
group and if multicast loopback has not been disabled on the sending socket
|
|
(see below).
|
|
Multicast datagrams with TTL greater than 1 may be forwarded
|
|
to other networks if a multicast router is attached to the local network.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For hosts with multiple interfaces, where an interface has not
|
|
been specified for a multicast group membership,
|
|
each multicast transmission is sent from the primary network interface.
|
|
The
|
|
.Dv IP_MULTICAST_IF
|
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option overrides the default for
|
|
subsequent transmissions from a given socket:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
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struct in_addr addr;
|
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &addr, sizeof(addr));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
where "addr" is the local
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
address of the desired interface or
|
|
.Dv INADDR_ANY
|
|
to specify the default interface.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To specify an interface by index, an instance of
|
|
.Vt ip_mreqn
|
|
may be passed instead.
|
|
The
|
|
.Vt imr_ifindex
|
|
member should be set to the index of the desired interface,
|
|
or 0 to specify the default interface.
|
|
The kernel differentiates between these two structures by their size.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The use of
|
|
.Vt IP_MULTICAST_IF
|
|
is
|
|
.Em not recommended ,
|
|
as multicast memberships are scoped to each
|
|
individual interface.
|
|
It is supported for legacy use only by applications,
|
|
such as routing daemons, which expect to
|
|
be able to transmit link-local IPv4 multicast datagrams (224.0.0.0/24)
|
|
on multiple interfaces,
|
|
without requesting an individual membership for each interface.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.\"
|
|
An interface's local IP address and multicast capability can
|
|
be obtained via the
|
|
.Dv SIOCGIFCONF
|
|
and
|
|
.Dv SIOCGIFFLAGS
|
|
ioctls.
|
|
Normal applications should not need to use this option.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which the sending host itself
|
|
belongs (on the outgoing interface), a copy of the datagram is, by default,
|
|
looped back by the IP layer for local delivery.
|
|
The
|
|
.Dv IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
|
|
option gives the sender explicit control
|
|
over whether or not subsequent datagrams are looped back:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
u_char loop; /* 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) */
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop, sizeof(loop));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This option
|
|
improves performance for applications that may have no more than one
|
|
instance on a single host (such as a routing daemon), by eliminating
|
|
the overhead of receiving their own transmissions.
|
|
It should generally not
|
|
be used by applications for which there may be more than one instance on a
|
|
single host (such as a conferencing program) or for which the sender does
|
|
not belong to the destination group (such as a time querying program).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The sysctl setting
|
|
.Va net.inet.ip.mcast.loop
|
|
controls the default setting of the
|
|
.Dv IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
|
|
socket option for new sockets.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A multicast datagram sent with an initial TTL greater than 1 may be delivered
|
|
to the sending host on a different interface from that on which it was sent,
|
|
if the host belongs to the destination group on that other interface.
|
|
The loopback control option has no effect on such delivery.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A host must become a member of a multicast group before it can receive
|
|
datagrams sent to the group.
|
|
To join a multicast group, use the
|
|
.Dv IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
|
|
option:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq mreq;
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
where
|
|
.Fa mreq
|
|
is the following structure:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq {
|
|
struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
|
|
struct in_addr imr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
|
|
}
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Va imr_interface
|
|
should be set to the
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
address of a particular multicast-capable interface if
|
|
the host is multihomed.
|
|
It may be set to
|
|
.Dv INADDR_ANY
|
|
to choose the default interface, although this is not recommended;
|
|
this is considered to be the first interface corresponding
|
|
to the default route.
|
|
Otherwise, the first multicast-capable interface
|
|
configured in the system will be used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Prior to
|
|
.Fx 7.0 ,
|
|
if the
|
|
.Va imr_interface
|
|
member is within the network range
|
|
.Li 0.0.0.0/8 ,
|
|
it is treated as an interface index in the system interface MIB,
|
|
as per the RIP Version 2 MIB Extension (RFC-1724).
|
|
In versions of
|
|
.Fx
|
|
since 7.0, this behavior is no longer supported.
|
|
Developers should
|
|
instead use the RFC 3678 multicast source filter APIs; in particular,
|
|
.Dv MCAST_JOIN_GROUP .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Up to
|
|
.Dv IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS
|
|
memberships may be added on a single socket.
|
|
Membership is associated with a single interface;
|
|
programs running on multihomed hosts may need to
|
|
join the same group on more than one interface.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To drop a membership, use:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq mreq;
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
where
|
|
.Fa mreq
|
|
contains the same values as used to add the membership.
|
|
Memberships are dropped when the socket is closed or the process exits.
|
|
.\" TODO: Update this piece when IPv4 source-address selection is implemented.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The IGMP protocol uses the primary IP address of the interface
|
|
as its identifier for group membership.
|
|
This is the first IP address configured on the interface.
|
|
If this address is removed or changed, the results are
|
|
undefined, as the IGMP membership state will then be inconsistent.
|
|
If multiple IP aliases are configured on the same interface,
|
|
they will be ignored.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This shortcoming was addressed in IPv6; MLDv2 requires
|
|
that the unique link-local address for an interface is
|
|
used to identify an MLDv2 listener.
|
|
.Ss "Source-Specific Multicast Options"
|
|
Since
|
|
.Fx 8.0 ,
|
|
the use of Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) is supported.
|
|
These extensions require an IGMPv3 multicast router in order to
|
|
make best use of them.
|
|
If a legacy multicast router is present on the link,
|
|
.Fx
|
|
will simply downgrade to the version of IGMP spoken by the router,
|
|
and the benefits of source filtering on the upstream link
|
|
will not be present, although the kernel will continue to
|
|
squelch transmissions from blocked sources.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Each group membership on a socket now has a filter mode:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width MCAST_EXCLUDE
|
|
.It Dv MCAST_EXCLUDE
|
|
Datagrams sent to this group are accepted,
|
|
unless the source is in a list of blocked source addresses.
|
|
.It Dv MCAST_INCLUDE
|
|
Datagrams sent to this group are accepted
|
|
only if the source is in a list of accepted source addresses.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Groups joined using the legacy
|
|
.Dv IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
|
|
option are placed in exclusive-mode,
|
|
and are able to request that certain sources are blocked or allowed.
|
|
This is known as the
|
|
.Em delta-based API .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To block a multicast source on an existing group membership:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_BLOCK_SOURCE, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
where
|
|
.Fa mreqs
|
|
is the following structure:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq_source {
|
|
struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
|
|
struct in_addr imr_sourceaddr; /* IP address of source */
|
|
struct in_addr imr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
|
|
}
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Va imr_sourceaddr
|
|
should be set to the address of the source to be blocked.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To unblock a multicast source on an existing group:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Dv IP_BLOCK_SOURCE
|
|
and
|
|
.Dv IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE
|
|
options are
|
|
.Em not permitted
|
|
for inclusive-mode group memberships.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To join a multicast group in
|
|
.Dv MCAST_INCLUDE
|
|
mode with a single source,
|
|
or add another source to an existing inclusive-mode membership:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To leave a single source from an existing group in inclusive mode:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct ip_mreq_source mreqs;
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqs, sizeof(mreqs));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
If this is the last accepted source for the group, the membership
|
|
will be dropped.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Dv IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP
|
|
and
|
|
.Dv IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP
|
|
options are
|
|
.Em not accepted
|
|
for exclusive-mode group memberships.
|
|
However, both exclusive and inclusive mode memberships
|
|
support the use of the
|
|
.Em full-state API
|
|
documented in RFC 3678.
|
|
For management of source filter lists using this API,
|
|
please refer to
|
|
.Xr sourcefilter 3 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The sysctl settings
|
|
.Va net.inet.ip.mcast.maxsocksrc
|
|
and
|
|
.Va net.inet.ip.mcast.maxgrpsrc
|
|
are used to specify an upper limit on the number of per-socket and per-group
|
|
source filter entries which the kernel may allocate.
|
|
.\"-----------------------
|
|
.Ss "Raw IP Sockets"
|
|
Raw
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
sockets are connectionless,
|
|
and are normally used with the
|
|
.Xr sendto 2
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr recvfrom 2
|
|
calls, though the
|
|
.Xr connect 2
|
|
call may also be used to fix the destination for future
|
|
packets (in which case the
|
|
.Xr read 2
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr recv 2
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr write 2
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr send 2
|
|
system calls may be used).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If
|
|
.Fa proto
|
|
is 0, the default protocol
|
|
.Dv IPPROTO_RAW
|
|
is used for outgoing
|
|
packets, and only incoming packets destined for that protocol
|
|
are received.
|
|
If
|
|
.Fa proto
|
|
is non-zero, that protocol number will be used on outgoing packets
|
|
and to filter incoming packets.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Outgoing packets automatically have an
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
header prepended to
|
|
them (based on the destination address and the protocol
|
|
number the socket is created with),
|
|
unless the
|
|
.Dv IP_HDRINCL
|
|
option has been set.
|
|
Unlike in previous
|
|
.Bx
|
|
releases, incoming packets are received with
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
header and options intact, leaving all fields in network byte order.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dv IP_HDRINCL
|
|
indicates the complete IP header is included with the data
|
|
and may be used only with the
|
|
.Dv SOCK_RAW
|
|
type.
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
|
|
#include <netinet/ip.h>
|
|
|
|
int hincl = 1; /* 1 = on, 0 = off */
|
|
setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hincl, sizeof(hincl));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Unlike previous
|
|
.Bx
|
|
releases, the program must set all
|
|
the fields of the IP header, including the following:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
|
|
ip->ip_hl = hlen >> 2;
|
|
ip->ip_id = 0; /* 0 means kernel set appropriate value */
|
|
ip->ip_off = htons(offset);
|
|
ip->ip_len = htons(len);
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The packet should be provided as is to be sent over wire.
|
|
This implies all fields, including
|
|
.Va ip_len
|
|
and
|
|
.Va ip_off
|
|
to be in network byte order.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr byteorder 3
|
|
for more information on network byte order.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Va ip_id
|
|
field is set to 0 then the kernel will choose an
|
|
appropriate value.
|
|
If the header source address is set to
|
|
.Dv INADDR_ANY ,
|
|
the kernel will choose an appropriate address.
|
|
.Sh ERRORS
|
|
A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Er
|
|
.It Bq Er EISCONN
|
|
when trying to establish a connection on a socket which
|
|
already has one, or when trying to send a datagram with the destination
|
|
address specified and the socket is already connected;
|
|
.It Bq Er ENOTCONN
|
|
when trying to send a datagram, but
|
|
no destination address is specified, and the socket has not been
|
|
connected;
|
|
.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
|
|
when the system runs out of memory for
|
|
an internal data structure;
|
|
.It Bq Er EADDRNOTAVAIL
|
|
when an attempt is made to create a
|
|
socket with a network address for which no network interface
|
|
exists.
|
|
.It Bq Er EACCES
|
|
when an attempt is made to create
|
|
a raw IP socket by a non-privileged process.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following errors specific to
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
may occur when setting or getting
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
options:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Er
|
|
.It Bq Er EINVAL
|
|
An unknown socket option name was given.
|
|
.It Bq Er EINVAL
|
|
The IP option field was improperly formed;
|
|
an option field was shorter than the minimum value
|
|
or longer than the option buffer provided.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following errors may occur when attempting to send
|
|
.Tn IP
|
|
datagrams via a
|
|
.Dq raw socket
|
|
with the
|
|
.Dv IP_HDRINCL
|
|
option set:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Er
|
|
.It Bq Er EINVAL
|
|
The user-supplied
|
|
.Va ip_len
|
|
field was not equal to the length of the datagram written to the socket.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
|
|
.Xr recv 2 ,
|
|
.Xr send 2 ,
|
|
.Xr byteorder 3 ,
|
|
.Xr sourcefilter 3 ,
|
|
.Xr icmp 4 ,
|
|
.Xr igmp 4 ,
|
|
.Xr inet 4 ,
|
|
.Xr intro 4 ,
|
|
.Xr multicast 4
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%A D. Thaler
|
|
.%A B. Fenner
|
|
.%A B. Quinn
|
|
.%T "Socket Interface Extensions for Multicast Source Filters"
|
|
.%N RFC 3678
|
|
.%D Jan 2004
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
protocol appeared in
|
|
.Bx 4.2 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Vt ip_mreqn
|
|
structure appeared in
|
|
.Tn Linux 2.4 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
Before
|
|
.Fx 10.0
|
|
packets received on raw IP sockets had the
|
|
.Va ip_hl
|
|
subtracted from the
|
|
.Va ip_len
|
|
field.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Before
|
|
.Fx 11.0
|
|
packets received on raw IP sockets had the
|
|
.Va ip_len
|
|
and
|
|
.Va ip_off
|
|
fields converted to host byte order.
|
|
Packets written to raw IP sockets were expected to have
|
|
.Va ip_len
|
|
and
|
|
.Va ip_off
|
|
in host byte order.
|