936 lines
46 KiB
Plaintext
936 lines
46 KiB
Plaintext
SSH(1) OpenBSD Reference Manual SSH(1)
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NAME
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ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
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SYNOPSIS
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ssh [-1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]
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[-D [bind_address:]port] [-E log_file] [-e escape_char]
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[-F configfile] [-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file]
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[-L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport] [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec]
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[-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port]
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[-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport] [-S ctl_path] [-W host:port]
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[-w local_tun[:remote_tun]] [user@]hostname [command]
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ssh -Q protocol_feature
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DESCRIPTION
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ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for
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executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin
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and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two
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untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary
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TCP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
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ssh connects and logs into the specified hostname (with optional user
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name). The user must prove his/her identity to the remote machine using
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one of several methods depending on the protocol version used (see
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below).
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If command is specified, it is executed on the remote host instead of a
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login shell.
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The options are as follows:
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-1 Forces ssh to try protocol version 1 only.
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-2 Forces ssh to try protocol version 2 only.
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-4 Forces ssh to use IPv4 addresses only.
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-6 Forces ssh to use IPv6 addresses only.
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-A Enables forwarding of the authentication agent connection. This
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can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration
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file.
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Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the
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ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the
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agent's UNIX-domain socket) can access the local agent through
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the forwarded connection. An attacker cannot obtain key material
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from the agent, however they can perform operations on the keys
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that enable them to authenticate using the identities loaded into
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the agent.
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-a Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection.
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-b bind_address
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Use bind_address on the local machine as the source address of
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the connection. Only useful on systems with more than one
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address.
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-C Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout,
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stderr, and data for forwarded X11 and TCP connections). The
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compression algorithm is the same used by gzip(1), and the
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``level'' can be controlled by the CompressionLevel option for
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protocol version 1. Compression is desirable on modem lines and
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other slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast
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networks. The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis
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in the configuration files; see the Compression option.
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-c cipher_spec
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Selects the cipher specification for encrypting the session.
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Protocol version 1 allows specification of a single cipher. The
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supported values are ``3des'', ``blowfish'', and ``des''. 3des
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(triple-des) is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt triple with three
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different keys. It is believed to be secure. blowfish is a fast
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block cipher; it appears very secure and is much faster than
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3des. des is only supported in the ssh client for
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interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations that do
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not support the 3des cipher. Its use is strongly discouraged due
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to cryptographic weaknesses. The default is ``3des''.
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For protocol version 2, cipher_spec is a comma-separated list of
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ciphers listed in order of preference. See the Ciphers keyword
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in ssh_config(5) for more information.
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-D [bind_address:]port
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Specifies a local ``dynamic'' application-level port forwarding.
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This works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the local
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side, optionally bound to the specified bind_address. Whenever a
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connection is made to this port, the connection is forwarded over
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the secure channel, and the application protocol is then used to
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determine where to connect to from the remote machine. Currently
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the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and ssh will act
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as a SOCKS server. Only root can forward privileged ports.
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Dynamic port forwardings can also be specified in the
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configuration file.
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IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in
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square brackets. Only the superuser can forward privileged
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ports. By default, the local port is bound in accordance with
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the GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit bind_address may
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be used to bind the connection to a specific address. The
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bind_address of ``localhost'' indicates that the listening port
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be bound for local use only, while an empty address or `*'
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indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.
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-E log_file
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Append debug logs to log_file instead of standard error.
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-e escape_char
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Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default: `~').
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The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a
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line. The escape character followed by a dot (`.') closes the
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connection; followed by control-Z suspends the connection; and
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followed by itself sends the escape character once. Setting the
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character to ``none'' disables any escapes and makes the session
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fully transparent.
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-F configfile
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Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file. If a
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configuration file is given on the command line, the system-wide
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configuration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config) will be ignored. The
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default for the per-user configuration file is ~/.ssh/config.
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-f Requests ssh to go to background just before command execution.
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This is useful if ssh is going to ask for passwords or
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passphrases, but the user wants it in the background. This
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implies -n. The recommended way to start X11 programs at a
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remote site is with something like ssh -f host xterm.
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If the ExitOnForwardFailure configuration option is set to
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``yes'', then a client started with -f will wait for all remote
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port forwards to be successfully established before placing
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itself in the background.
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-g Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports.
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-I pkcs11
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Specify the PKCS#11 shared library ssh should use to communicate
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with a PKCS#11 token providing the user's private RSA key.
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-i identity_file
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Selects a file from which the identity (private key) for public
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key authentication is read. The default is ~/.ssh/identity for
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protocol version 1, and ~/.ssh/id_dsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and
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~/.ssh/id_rsa for protocol version 2. Identity files may also be
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specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. It is
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possible to have multiple -i options (and multiple identities
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specified in configuration files). ssh will also try to load
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certificate information from the filename obtained by appending
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-cert.pub to identity filenames.
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-K Enables GSSAPI-based authentication and forwarding (delegation)
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of GSSAPI credentials to the server.
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-k Disables forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the
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server.
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-L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport
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Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be
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forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side. This
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works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the local side,
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optionally bound to the specified bind_address. Whenever a
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connection is made to this port, the connection is forwarded over
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the secure channel, and a connection is made to host port
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hostport from the remote machine. Port forwardings can also be
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specified in the configuration file. IPv6 addresses can be
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specified by enclosing the address in square brackets. Only the
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superuser can forward privileged ports. By default, the local
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port is bound in accordance with the GatewayPorts setting.
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However, an explicit bind_address may be used to bind the
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connection to a specific address. The bind_address of
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``localhost'' indicates that the listening port be bound for
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local use only, while an empty address or `*' indicates that the
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port should be available from all interfaces.
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-l login_name
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Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine. This also
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may be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file.
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-M Places the ssh client into ``master'' mode for connection
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sharing. Multiple -M options places ssh into ``master'' mode
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with confirmation required before slave connections are accepted.
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Refer to the description of ControlMaster in ssh_config(5) for
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details.
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-m mac_spec
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Additionally, for protocol version 2 a comma-separated list of
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MAC (message authentication code) algorithms can be specified in
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order of preference. See the MACs keyword for more information.
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-N Do not execute a remote command. This is useful for just
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forwarding ports (protocol version 2 only).
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-n Redirects stdin from /dev/null (actually, prevents reading from
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stdin). This must be used when ssh is run in the background. A
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common trick is to use this to run X11 programs on a remote
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machine. For example, ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs & will
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start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 connection will
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be automatically forwarded over an encrypted channel. The ssh
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program will be put in the background. (This does not work if
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ssh needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the -f
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option.)
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-O ctl_cmd
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Control an active connection multiplexing master process. When
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the -O option is specified, the ctl_cmd argument is interpreted
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and passed to the master process. Valid commands are: ``check''
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(check that the master process is running), ``forward'' (request
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forwardings without command execution), ``cancel'' (cancel
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forwardings), ``exit'' (request the master to exit), and ``stop''
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(request the master to stop accepting further multiplexing
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requests).
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-o option
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Can be used to give options in the format used in the
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configuration file. This is useful for specifying options for
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which there is no separate command-line flag. For full details
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of the options listed below, and their possible values, see
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ssh_config(5).
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AddressFamily
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BatchMode
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BindAddress
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ChallengeResponseAuthentication
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CheckHostIP
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Cipher
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Ciphers
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ClearAllForwardings
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Compression
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CompressionLevel
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ConnectionAttempts
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ConnectTimeout
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ControlMaster
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ControlPath
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ControlPersist
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DynamicForward
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EscapeChar
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ExitOnForwardFailure
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ForwardAgent
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ForwardX11
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ForwardX11Timeout
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ForwardX11Trusted
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GatewayPorts
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GlobalKnownHostsFile
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GSSAPIAuthentication
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GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
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HashKnownHosts
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Host
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HostbasedAuthentication
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HostKeyAlgorithms
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HostKeyAlias
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HostName
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IdentityFile
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IdentitiesOnly
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IPQoS
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KbdInteractiveAuthentication
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KbdInteractiveDevices
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KexAlgorithms
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LocalCommand
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LocalForward
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LogLevel
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MACs
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NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
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NumberOfPasswordPrompts
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PasswordAuthentication
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PermitLocalCommand
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PKCS11Provider
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Port
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PreferredAuthentications
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Protocol
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ProxyCommand
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PubkeyAuthentication
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RekeyLimit
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RemoteForward
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RequestTTY
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RhostsRSAAuthentication
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RSAAuthentication
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SendEnv
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ServerAliveInterval
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ServerAliveCountMax
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StrictHostKeyChecking
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TCPKeepAlive
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Tunnel
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TunnelDevice
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UsePrivilegedPort
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User
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UserKnownHostsFile
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VerifyHostKeyDNS
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VisualHostKey
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XAuthLocation
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-p port
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Port to connect to on the remote host. This can be specified on
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a per-host basis in the configuration file.
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-Q protocol_feature
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Queries ssh for the algorithms supported for the specified
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version 2 protocol_feature. The queriable features are:
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``cipher'' (supported symmetric ciphers), ``MAC'' (supported
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message integrity codes), ``KEX'' (key exchange algorithms),
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``key'' (key types). Protocol features are treated case-
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insensitively.
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-q Quiet mode. Causes most warning and diagnostic messages to be
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suppressed.
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-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport
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Specifies that the given port on the remote (server) host is to
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be forwarded to the given host and port on the local side. This
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works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the remote
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side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the
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connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection
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is made to host port hostport from the local machine.
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Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
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Privileged ports can be forwarded only when logging in as root on
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the remote machine. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing
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the address in square brackets.
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By default, the listening socket on the server will be bound to
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the loopback interface only. This may be overridden by
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specifying a bind_address. An empty bind_address, or the address
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`*', indicates that the remote socket should listen on all
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interfaces. Specifying a remote bind_address will only succeed
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if the server's GatewayPorts option is enabled (see
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sshd_config(5)).
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If the port argument is `0', the listen port will be dynamically
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allocated on the server and reported to the client at run time.
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When used together with -O forward the allocated port will be
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printed to the standard output.
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-S ctl_path
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Specifies the location of a control socket for connection
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sharing, or the string ``none'' to disable connection sharing.
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Refer to the description of ControlPath and ControlMaster in
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ssh_config(5) for details.
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-s May be used to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote
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system. Subsystems are a feature of the SSH2 protocol which
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facilitate the use of SSH as a secure transport for other
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applications (eg. sftp(1)). The subsystem is specified as the
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remote command.
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-T Disable pseudo-tty allocation.
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-t Force pseudo-tty allocation. This can be used to execute
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arbitrary screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be
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very useful, e.g. when implementing menu services. Multiple -t
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options force tty allocation, even if ssh has no local tty.
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-V Display the version number and exit.
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-v Verbose mode. Causes ssh to print debugging messages about its
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progress. This is helpful in debugging connection,
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authentication, and configuration problems. Multiple -v options
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increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.
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-W host:port
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Requests that standard input and output on the client be
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forwarded to host on port over the secure channel. Implies -N,
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-T, ExitOnForwardFailure and ClearAllForwardings. Works with
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Protocol version 2 only.
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-w local_tun[:remote_tun]
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Requests tunnel device forwarding with the specified tun(4)
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devices between the client (local_tun) and the server
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(remote_tun).
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The devices may be specified by numerical ID or the keyword
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``any'', which uses the next available tunnel device. If
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remote_tun is not specified, it defaults to ``any''. See also
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the Tunnel and TunnelDevice directives in ssh_config(5). If the
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Tunnel directive is unset, it is set to the default tunnel mode,
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which is ``point-to-point''.
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-X Enables X11 forwarding. This can also be specified on a per-host
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basis in a configuration file.
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X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the
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ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the
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user's X authorization database) can access the local X11 display
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through the forwarded connection. An attacker may then be able
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to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring.
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For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY
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extension restrictions by default. Please refer to the ssh -Y
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option and the ForwardX11Trusted directive in ssh_config(5) for
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more information.
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-x Disables X11 forwarding.
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-Y Enables trusted X11 forwarding. Trusted X11 forwardings are not
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subjected to the X11 SECURITY extension controls.
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-y Send log information using the syslog(3) system module. By
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default this information is sent to stderr.
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ssh may additionally obtain configuration data from a per-user
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configuration file and a system-wide configuration file. The file format
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and configuration options are described in ssh_config(5).
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AUTHENTICATION
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The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocols 1 and 2. The default is to
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use protocol 2 only, though this can be changed via the Protocol option
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in ssh_config(5) or the -1 and -2 options (see above). Both protocols
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support similar authentication methods, but protocol 2 is the default
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since it provides additional mechanisms for confidentiality (the traffic
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is encrypted using AES, 3DES, Blowfish, CAST128, or Arcfour) and
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integrity (hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha2-256, hmac-sha2-512, umac-64,
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umac-128, hmac-ripemd160). Protocol 1 lacks a strong mechanism for
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ensuring the integrity of the connection.
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The methods available for authentication are: GSSAPI-based
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authentication, host-based authentication, public key authentication,
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challenge-response authentication, and password authentication.
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Authentication methods are tried in the order specified above, though
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protocol 2 has a configuration option to change the default order:
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PreferredAuthentications.
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Host-based authentication works as follows: If the machine the user logs
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in from is listed in /etc/hosts.equiv or /etc/shosts.equiv on the remote
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machine, and the user names are the same on both sides, or if the files
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~/.rhosts or ~/.shosts exist in the user's home directory on the remote
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machine and contain a line containing the name of the client machine and
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the name of the user on that machine, the user is considered for login.
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Additionally, the server must be able to verify the client's host key
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(see the description of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and ~/.ssh/known_hosts,
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below) for login to be permitted. This authentication method closes
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security holes due to IP spoofing, DNS spoofing, and routing spoofing.
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[Note to the administrator: /etc/hosts.equiv, ~/.rhosts, and the
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rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be
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disabled if security is desired.]
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Public key authentication works as follows: The scheme is based on
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public-key cryptography, using cryptosystems where encryption and
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decryption are done using separate keys, and it is unfeasible to derive
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the decryption key from the encryption key. The idea is that each user
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creates a public/private key pair for authentication purposes. The
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server knows the public key, and only the user knows the private key.
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ssh implements public key authentication protocol automatically, using
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one of the DSA, ECDSA or RSA algorithms. Protocol 1 is restricted to
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using only RSA keys, but protocol 2 may use any. The HISTORY section of
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ssl(8) contains a brief discussion of the DSA and RSA algorithms.
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The file ~/.ssh/authorized_keys lists the public keys that are permitted
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for logging in. When the user logs in, the ssh program tells the server
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which key pair it would like to use for authentication. The client
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proves that it has access to the private key and the server checks that
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the corresponding public key is authorized to accept the account.
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The user creates his/her key pair by running ssh-keygen(1). This stores
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the private key in ~/.ssh/identity (protocol 1), ~/.ssh/id_dsa (protocol
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2 DSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa (protocol 2 ECDSA), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa (protocol 2
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RSA) and stores the public key in ~/.ssh/identity.pub (protocol 1),
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~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub (protocol 2 DSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub (protocol 2
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ECDSA), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (protocol 2 RSA) in the user's home
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directory. The user should then copy the public key to
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~/.ssh/authorized_keys in his/her home directory on the remote machine.
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The authorized_keys file corresponds to the conventional ~/.rhosts file,
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and has one key per line, though the lines can be very long. After this,
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the user can log in without giving the password.
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A variation on public key authentication is available in the form of
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certificate authentication: instead of a set of public/private keys,
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signed certificates are used. This has the advantage that a single
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trusted certification authority can be used in place of many
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public/private keys. See the CERTIFICATES section of ssh-keygen(1) for
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more information.
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The most convenient way to use public key or certificate authentication
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may be with an authentication agent. See ssh-agent(1) for more
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information.
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Challenge-response authentication works as follows: The server sends an
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arbitrary "challenge" text, and prompts for a response. Protocol 2
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allows multiple challenges and responses; protocol 1 is restricted to
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just one challenge/response. Examples of challenge-response
|
|
authentication include BSD Authentication (see login.conf(5)) and PAM
|
|
(some non-OpenBSD systems).
|
|
|
|
Finally, if other authentication methods fail, ssh prompts the user for a
|
|
password. The password is sent to the remote host for checking; however,
|
|
since all communications are encrypted, the password cannot be seen by
|
|
someone listening on the network.
|
|
|
|
ssh automatically maintains and checks a database containing
|
|
identification for all hosts it has ever been used with. Host keys are
|
|
stored in ~/.ssh/known_hosts in the user's home directory. Additionally,
|
|
the file /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts is automatically checked for known
|
|
hosts. Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file. If a
|
|
host's identification ever changes, ssh warns about this and disables
|
|
password authentication to prevent server spoofing or man-in-the-middle
|
|
attacks, which could otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption. The
|
|
StrictHostKeyChecking option can be used to control logins to machines
|
|
whose host key is not known or has changed.
|
|
|
|
When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server
|
|
either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives the
|
|
user a normal shell on the remote machine. All communication with the
|
|
remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted.
|
|
|
|
If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated (normal login session), the user
|
|
may use the escape characters noted below.
|
|
|
|
If no pseudo-tty has been allocated, the session is transparent and can
|
|
be used to reliably transfer binary data. On most systems, setting the
|
|
escape character to ``none'' will also make the session transparent even
|
|
if a tty is used.
|
|
|
|
The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote machine
|
|
exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed.
|
|
|
|
ESCAPE CHARACTERS
|
|
When a pseudo-terminal has been requested, ssh supports a number of
|
|
functions through the use of an escape character.
|
|
|
|
A single tilde character can be sent as ~~ or by following the tilde by a
|
|
character other than those described below. The escape character must
|
|
always follow a newline to be interpreted as special. The escape
|
|
character can be changed in configuration files using the EscapeChar
|
|
configuration directive or on the command line by the -e option.
|
|
|
|
The supported escapes (assuming the default `~') are:
|
|
|
|
~. Disconnect.
|
|
|
|
~^Z Background ssh.
|
|
|
|
~# List forwarded connections.
|
|
|
|
~& Background ssh at logout when waiting for forwarded connection /
|
|
X11 sessions to terminate.
|
|
|
|
~? Display a list of escape characters.
|
|
|
|
~B Send a BREAK to the remote system (only useful for SSH protocol
|
|
version 2 and if the peer supports it).
|
|
|
|
~C Open command line. Currently this allows the addition of port
|
|
forwardings using the -L, -R and -D options (see above). It also
|
|
allows the cancellation of existing port-forwardings with
|
|
-KL[bind_address:]port for local, -KR[bind_address:]port for
|
|
remote and -KD[bind_address:]port for dynamic port-forwardings.
|
|
!command allows the user to execute a local command if the
|
|
PermitLocalCommand option is enabled in ssh_config(5). Basic
|
|
help is available, using the -h option.
|
|
|
|
~R Request rekeying of the connection (only useful for SSH protocol
|
|
version 2 and if the peer supports it).
|
|
|
|
~V Decrease the verbosity (LogLevel) when errors are being written
|
|
to stderr.
|
|
|
|
~v Increase the verbosity (LogLevel) when errors are being written
|
|
to stderr.
|
|
|
|
TCP FORWARDING
|
|
Forwarding of arbitrary TCP connections over the secure channel can be
|
|
specified either on the command line or in a configuration file. One
|
|
possible application of TCP forwarding is a secure connection to a mail
|
|
server; another is going through firewalls.
|
|
|
|
In the example below, we look at encrypting communication between an IRC
|
|
client and server, even though the IRC server does not directly support
|
|
encrypted communications. This works as follows: the user connects to
|
|
the remote host using ssh, specifying a port to be used to forward
|
|
connections to the remote server. After that it is possible to start the
|
|
service which is to be encrypted on the client machine, connecting to the
|
|
same local port, and ssh will encrypt and forward the connection.
|
|
|
|
The following example tunnels an IRC session from client machine
|
|
``127.0.0.1'' (localhost) to remote server ``server.example.com'':
|
|
|
|
$ ssh -f -L 1234:localhost:6667 server.example.com sleep 10
|
|
$ irc -c '#users' -p 1234 pinky 127.0.0.1
|
|
|
|
This tunnels a connection to IRC server ``server.example.com'', joining
|
|
channel ``#users'', nickname ``pinky'', using port 1234. It doesn't
|
|
matter which port is used, as long as it's greater than 1023 (remember,
|
|
only root can open sockets on privileged ports) and doesn't conflict with
|
|
any ports already in use. The connection is forwarded to port 6667 on
|
|
the remote server, since that's the standard port for IRC services.
|
|
|
|
The -f option backgrounds ssh and the remote command ``sleep 10'' is
|
|
specified to allow an amount of time (10 seconds, in the example) to
|
|
start the service which is to be tunnelled. If no connections are made
|
|
within the time specified, ssh will exit.
|
|
|
|
X11 FORWARDING
|
|
If the ForwardX11 variable is set to ``yes'' (or see the description of
|
|
the -X, -x, and -Y options above) and the user is using X11 (the DISPLAY
|
|
environment variable is set), the connection to the X11 display is
|
|
automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11
|
|
programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the
|
|
encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will be made
|
|
from the local machine. The user should not manually set DISPLAY.
|
|
Forwarding of X11 connections can be configured on the command line or in
|
|
configuration files.
|
|
|
|
The DISPLAY value set by ssh will point to the server machine, but with a
|
|
display number greater than zero. This is normal, and happens because
|
|
ssh creates a ``proxy'' X server on the server machine for forwarding the
|
|
connections over the encrypted channel.
|
|
|
|
ssh will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine.
|
|
For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, store
|
|
it in Xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded connections
|
|
carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when the connection
|
|
is opened. The real authentication cookie is never sent to the server
|
|
machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain).
|
|
|
|
If the ForwardAgent variable is set to ``yes'' (or see the description of
|
|
the -A and -a options above) and the user is using an authentication
|
|
agent, the connection to the agent is automatically forwarded to the
|
|
remote side.
|
|
|
|
VERIFYING HOST KEYS
|
|
When connecting to a server for the first time, a fingerprint of the
|
|
server's public key is presented to the user (unless the option
|
|
StrictHostKeyChecking has been disabled). Fingerprints can be determined
|
|
using ssh-keygen(1):
|
|
|
|
$ ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
|
|
|
|
If the fingerprint is already known, it can be matched and the key can be
|
|
accepted or rejected. Because of the difficulty of comparing host keys
|
|
just by looking at hex strings, there is also support to compare host
|
|
keys visually, using random art. By setting the VisualHostKey option to
|
|
``yes'', a small ASCII graphic gets displayed on every login to a server,
|
|
no matter if the session itself is interactive or not. By learning the
|
|
pattern a known server produces, a user can easily find out that the host
|
|
key has changed when a completely different pattern is displayed.
|
|
Because these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pattern that looks
|
|
similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good probability that the
|
|
host key is the same, not guaranteed proof.
|
|
|
|
To get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for all
|
|
known hosts, the following command line can be used:
|
|
|
|
$ ssh-keygen -lv -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
|
|
If the fingerprint is unknown, an alternative method of verification is
|
|
available: SSH fingerprints verified by DNS. An additional resource
|
|
record (RR), SSHFP, is added to a zonefile and the connecting client is
|
|
able to match the fingerprint with that of the key presented.
|
|
|
|
In this example, we are connecting a client to a server,
|
|
``host.example.com''. The SSHFP resource records should first be added
|
|
to the zonefile for host.example.com:
|
|
|
|
$ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com.
|
|
|
|
The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile. To check that
|
|
the zone is answering fingerprint queries:
|
|
|
|
$ dig -t SSHFP host.example.com
|
|
|
|
Finally the client connects:
|
|
|
|
$ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com
|
|
[...]
|
|
Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS.
|
|
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
|
|
|
|
See the VerifyHostKeyDNS option in ssh_config(5) for more information.
|
|
|
|
SSH-BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
|
|
ssh contains support for Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnelling using
|
|
the tun(4) network pseudo-device, allowing two networks to be joined
|
|
securely. The sshd_config(5) configuration option PermitTunnel controls
|
|
whether the server supports this, and at what level (layer 2 or 3
|
|
traffic).
|
|
|
|
The following example would connect client network 10.0.50.0/24 with
|
|
remote network 10.0.99.0/24 using a point-to-point connection from
|
|
10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.2, provided that the SSH server running on the gateway
|
|
to the remote network, at 192.168.1.15, allows it.
|
|
|
|
On the client:
|
|
|
|
# ssh -f -w 0:1 192.168.1.15 true
|
|
# ifconfig tun0 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.252
|
|
# route add 10.0.99.0/24 10.1.1.2
|
|
|
|
On the server:
|
|
|
|
# ifconfig tun1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.252
|
|
# route add 10.0.50.0/24 10.1.1.1
|
|
|
|
Client access may be more finely tuned via the /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
file (see below) and the PermitRootLogin server option. The following
|
|
entry would permit connections on tun(4) device 1 from user ``jane'' and
|
|
on tun device 2 from user ``john'', if PermitRootLogin is set to
|
|
``forced-commands-only'':
|
|
|
|
tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/netstart tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane
|
|
tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart tun2" ssh-rsa ... john
|
|
|
|
Since an SSH-based setup entails a fair amount of overhead, it may be
|
|
more suited to temporary setups, such as for wireless VPNs. More
|
|
permanent VPNs are better provided by tools such as ipsecctl(8) and
|
|
isakmpd(8).
|
|
|
|
ENVIRONMENT
|
|
ssh will normally set the following environment variables:
|
|
|
|
DISPLAY The DISPLAY variable indicates the location of the
|
|
X11 server. It is automatically set by ssh to
|
|
point to a value of the form ``hostname:n'', where
|
|
``hostname'' indicates the host where the shell
|
|
runs, and `n' is an integer >= 1. ssh uses this
|
|
special value to forward X11 connections over the
|
|
secure channel. The user should normally not set
|
|
DISPLAY explicitly, as that will render the X11
|
|
connection insecure (and will require the user to
|
|
manually copy any required authorization cookies).
|
|
|
|
HOME Set to the path of the user's home directory.
|
|
|
|
LOGNAME Synonym for USER; set for compatibility with
|
|
systems that use this variable.
|
|
|
|
MAIL Set to the path of the user's mailbox.
|
|
|
|
PATH Set to the default PATH, as specified when
|
|
compiling ssh.
|
|
|
|
SSH_ASKPASS If ssh needs a passphrase, it will read the
|
|
passphrase from the current terminal if it was run
|
|
from a terminal. If ssh does not have a terminal
|
|
associated with it but DISPLAY and SSH_ASKPASS are
|
|
set, it will execute the program specified by
|
|
SSH_ASKPASS and open an X11 window to read the
|
|
passphrase. This is particularly useful when
|
|
calling ssh from a .xsession or related script.
|
|
(Note that on some machines it may be necessary to
|
|
redirect the input from /dev/null to make this
|
|
work.)
|
|
|
|
SSH_AUTH_SOCK Identifies the path of a UNIX-domain socket used to
|
|
communicate with the agent.
|
|
|
|
SSH_CONNECTION Identifies the client and server ends of the
|
|
connection. The variable contains four space-
|
|
separated values: client IP address, client port
|
|
number, server IP address, and server port number.
|
|
|
|
SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND This variable contains the original command line if
|
|
a forced command is executed. It can be used to
|
|
extract the original arguments.
|
|
|
|
SSH_TTY This is set to the name of the tty (path to the
|
|
device) associated with the current shell or
|
|
command. If the current session has no tty, this
|
|
variable is not set.
|
|
|
|
TZ This variable is set to indicate the present time
|
|
zone if it was set when the daemon was started
|
|
(i.e. the daemon passes the value on to new
|
|
connections).
|
|
|
|
USER Set to the name of the user logging in.
|
|
|
|
Additionally, ssh reads ~/.ssh/environment, and adds lines of the format
|
|
``VARNAME=value'' to the environment if the file exists and users are
|
|
allowed to change their environment. For more information, see the
|
|
PermitUserEnvironment option in sshd_config(5).
|
|
|
|
FILES
|
|
~/.rhosts
|
|
This file is used for host-based authentication (see above). On
|
|
some machines this file may need to be world-readable if the
|
|
user's home directory is on an NFS partition, because sshd(8)
|
|
reads it as root. Additionally, this file must be owned by the
|
|
user, and must not have write permissions for anyone else. The
|
|
recommended permission for most machines is read/write for the
|
|
user, and not accessible by others.
|
|
|
|
~/.shosts
|
|
This file is used in exactly the same way as .rhosts, but allows
|
|
host-based authentication without permitting login with
|
|
rlogin/rsh.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/
|
|
This directory is the default location for all user-specific
|
|
configuration and authentication information. There is no
|
|
general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory
|
|
secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute
|
|
for the user, and not accessible by others.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
Lists the public keys (DSA/ECDSA/RSA) that can be used for
|
|
logging in as this user. The format of this file is described in
|
|
the sshd(8) manual page. This file is not highly sensitive, but
|
|
the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not
|
|
accessible by others.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/config
|
|
This is the per-user configuration file. The file format and
|
|
configuration options are described in ssh_config(5). Because of
|
|
the potential for abuse, this file must have strict permissions:
|
|
read/write for the user, and not writable by others.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/environment
|
|
Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see
|
|
ENVIRONMENT, above.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/identity
|
|
~/.ssh/id_dsa
|
|
~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
|
|
~/.ssh/id_rsa
|
|
Contains the private key for authentication. These files contain
|
|
sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not
|
|
accessible by others (read/write/execute). ssh will simply
|
|
ignore a private key file if it is accessible by others. It is
|
|
possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key which
|
|
will be used to encrypt the sensitive part of this file using
|
|
3DES.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/identity.pub
|
|
~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
|
|
~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
|
|
~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
|
|
Contains the public key for authentication. These files are not
|
|
sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged
|
|
into that are not already in the systemwide list of known host
|
|
keys. See sshd(8) for further details of the format of this
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
~/.ssh/rc
|
|
Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in,
|
|
just before the user's shell (or command) is started. See the
|
|
sshd(8) manual page for more information.
|
|
|
|
/etc/hosts.equiv
|
|
This file is for host-based authentication (see above). It
|
|
should only be writable by root.
|
|
|
|
/etc/shosts.equiv
|
|
This file is used in exactly the same way as hosts.equiv, but
|
|
allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
|
|
rlogin/rsh.
|
|
|
|
/etc/ssh/ssh_config
|
|
Systemwide configuration file. The file format and configuration
|
|
options are described in ssh_config(5).
|
|
|
|
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
|
|
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
|
|
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
|
|
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
|
|
These files contain the private parts of the host keys and are
|
|
used for host-based authentication. If protocol version 1 is
|
|
used, ssh must be setuid root, since the host key is readable
|
|
only by root. For protocol version 2, ssh uses ssh-keysign(8) to
|
|
access the host keys, eliminating the requirement that ssh be
|
|
setuid root when host-based authentication is used. By default
|
|
ssh is not setuid root.
|
|
|
|
/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
|
|
Systemwide list of known host keys. This file should be prepared
|
|
by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of
|
|
all machines in the organization. It should be world-readable.
|
|
See sshd(8) for further details of the format of this file.
|
|
|
|
/etc/ssh/sshrc
|
|
Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in,
|
|
just before the user's shell (or command) is started. See the
|
|
sshd(8) manual page for more information.
|
|
|
|
EXIT STATUS
|
|
ssh exits with the exit status of the remote command or with 255 if an
|
|
error occurred.
|
|
|
|
SEE ALSO
|
|
scp(1), sftp(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), ssh-keygen(1), ssh-keyscan(1),
|
|
tun(4), hosts.equiv(5), ssh_config(5), ssh-keysign(8), sshd(8)
|
|
|
|
STANDARDS
|
|
S. Lehtinen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned
|
|
Numbers, RFC 4250, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture,
|
|
RFC 4251, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol,
|
|
RFC 4252, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer
|
|
Protocol, RFC 4253, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol, RFC
|
|
4254, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
J. Schlyter and W. Griffin, Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell
|
|
(SSH) Key Fingerprints, RFC 4255, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
F. Cusack and M. Forssen, Generic Message Exchange Authentication for the
|
|
Secure Shell Protocol (SSH), RFC 4256, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
J. Galbraith and P. Remaker, The Secure Shell (SSH) Session Channel Break
|
|
Extension, RFC 4335, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
M. Bellare, T. Kohno, and C. Namprempre, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport
|
|
Layer Encryption Modes, RFC 4344, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
B. Harris, Improved Arcfour Modes for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport
|
|
Layer Protocol, RFC 4345, January 2006.
|
|
|
|
M. Friedl, N. Provos, and W. Simpson, Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for
|
|
the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4419, March 2006.
|
|
|
|
J. Galbraith and R. Thayer, The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File
|
|
Format, RFC 4716, November 2006.
|
|
|
|
D. Stebila and J. Green, Elliptic Curve Algorithm Integration in the
|
|
Secure Shell Transport Layer, RFC 5656, December 2009.
|
|
|
|
A. Perrig and D. Song, Hash Visualization: a New Technique to improve
|
|
Real-World Security, 1999, International Workshop on Cryptographic
|
|
Techniques and E-Commerce (CrypTEC '99).
|
|
|
|
AUTHORS
|
|
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by
|
|
Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo
|
|
de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
|
|
created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol
|
|
versions 1.5 and 2.0.
|
|
|
|
OpenBSD 5.4 July 18, 2013 OpenBSD 5.4
|