mutilate/mutilate.cc

#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include <event2/buffer.h>
#include <event2/bufferevent.h>
#include <event2/dns.h>
#include <event2/event.h>
#include <event2/thread.h>
#include <event2/util.h>

#include "config.h"

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
#include <zmq.hpp>
#endif

#include "AdaptiveSampler.h"
#include "AgentStats.h"
#ifndef HAVE_PTHREAD_BARRIER_INIT
#include "barrier.h"
#endif
#include "cmdline.h"
#include "Connection.h"
#include "ConnectionOptions.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "mutilate.h"
#include "util.h"

#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))

using namespace std;

gengetopt_args_info args;
char random_char[2 * 1024 * 1024];  // Buffer used to generate random values.

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
vector<zmq::socket_t*> agent_sockets;
zmq::context_t context(1);
#endif

struct thread_data {
  const vector<string> *servers;
  options_t *options;
  bool master;  // Thread #0, not to be confused with agent master.
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
  zmq::socket_t *socket;
#endif
};

// struct evdns_base *evdns;

pthread_barrier_t barrier;

double boot_time;

void init_random_stuff();

void go(const vector<string> &servers, options_t &options,
        ConnectionStats &stats
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
, zmq::socket_t* socket = NULL
#endif
);

void do_mutilate(const vector<string> &servers, options_t &options,
                 ConnectionStats &stats, bool master = true
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
, zmq::socket_t* socket = NULL
#endif
);
void args_to_options(options_t* options);
void* thread_main(void *arg);

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
static std::string s_recv (zmq::socket_t &socket) {
  zmq::message_t message;
  socket.recv(&message);

  return std::string(static_cast<char*>(message.data()), message.size());
}

//  Convert string to 0MQ string and send to socket
static bool s_send (zmq::socket_t &socket, const std::string &string) {
  zmq::message_t message(string.size());
  memcpy(message.data(), string.data(), string.size());

  return socket.send(message);
}

/*
 * Agent protocol
 *
 * PREPARATION PHASE
 *
 * 1. Master -> Agent: options_t
 *
 * options_t contains most of the information needed to drive the
 * client, including the aggregate QPS that has been requested.
 * However, neither the master nor the agent know at this point how
 * many total connections will be made to the memcached server.
 *
 * 2. Agent -> Master: int num = (--threads) * (--lambda_mul)
 *
 * The agent sends a number to the master indicating how many threads
 * this mutilate agent will spawn, and a mutiplier that weights how
 * many QPS this agent's connections will send relative to unweighted
 * connections (i.e. we can request that a purely load-generating
 * agent or an agent on a really fast network connection be more
 * aggressive than other agents or the master).
 *
 * 3. Master -> Agent: lambda_denom
 *
 * The master aggregates all of the numbers collected in (2) and
 * computes a global "lambda_denom".  Which is essentially a count of
 * the total number of Connections across all mutilate instances,
 * weighted by lambda_mul if necessary.  It broadcasts this number to
 * all agents.
 *
 * Each instance of mutilate at this point adjusts the lambda in
 * options_t sent in (1) to account for lambda_denom.  Note that
 * lambda_mul is specific to each instance of mutilate
 * (i.e. --lambda_mul X) and not sent as part of options_t.
 *
 *   lambda = qps / lambda_denom * args.lambda_mul;
 *
 * RUN PHASE
 *
 * After the PREP phase completes, everyone executes do_mutilate().
 * All clients spawn threads, open connections, load the DB, and wait
 * for all connections to become IDLE.  Following that, they
 * synchronize and finally do the heavy lifting.
 * 
 * [IF WARMUP] -1:  Master <-> Agent: Synchronize
 * [IF WARMUP]  0:  Everyone: RUN for options.warmup seconds.
 * 1. Master <-> Agent: Synchronize
 * 2. Everyone: RUN for options.time seconds.
 * 3. Master -> Agent: Dummy message
 * 4. Agent -> Master: Send AgentStats [w/ RX/TX bytes, # gets/sets]
 *
 * The master then aggregates AgentStats across all agents with its
 * own ConnectionStats to compute overall statistics.
 */

void agent() {
  zmq::context_t context(1);

  zmq::socket_t socket(context, ZMQ_REP);
  socket.bind((string("tcp://*:")+string(args.agent_port_arg)).c_str());

  while (true) {
    zmq::message_t request;

    socket.recv(&request);

    zmq::message_t num(sizeof(int));
    *((int *) num.data()) = args.threads_arg * args.lambda_mul_arg;
    socket.send(num);

    options_t options;
    memcpy(&options, request.data(), sizeof(options));

    vector<string> servers;

    for (int i = 0; i < options.server_given; i++) {
      servers.push_back(s_recv(socket));
      s_send(socket, "ACK");
    }

    for (auto i: servers) {
      V("Got server = %s", i.c_str());
    }

    options.threads = args.threads_arg;

    socket.recv(&request);
    options.lambda_denom = *((int *) request.data());
    s_send(socket, "THANKS");

    //    V("AGENT SLEEPS"); sleep(1);
    options.lambda = (double) options.qps / options.lambda_denom * args.lambda_mul_arg;

    V("lambda_denom = %d, lambda = %f, qps = %d",
      options.lambda_denom, options.lambda, options.qps);

    //    if (options.threads > 1)
      pthread_barrier_init(&barrier, NULL, options.threads);

    ConnectionStats stats;

    go(servers, options, stats, &socket);

    AgentStats as;

    as.rx_bytes = stats.rx_bytes;
    as.tx_bytes = stats.tx_bytes;
    as.gets = stats.gets;
    as.sets = stats.sets;
    as.get_misses = stats.get_misses;
    as.start = stats.start;
    as.stop = stats.stop;
    as.skips = stats.skips;

    string req = s_recv(socket);
    //    V("req = %s", req.c_str());
    request.rebuild(sizeof(as));
    memcpy(request.data(), &as, sizeof(as));
    socket.send(request);
  }
}

void prep_agent(const vector<string>& servers, options_t& options) {
  int sum = options.lambda_denom;
  if (args.measure_connections_given)
    sum = args.measure_connections_arg * options.server_given * options.threads;

  int master_sum = sum;
  if (args.measure_qps_given) {
    sum = 0;
    if (options.qps) options.qps -= args.measure_qps_arg;
  }

  for (auto s: agent_sockets) {
    zmq::message_t message(sizeof(options_t));

    memcpy((void *) message.data(), &options, sizeof(options_t));
    s->send(message);

    zmq::message_t rep;
    s->recv(&rep);
    unsigned int num = *((int *) rep.data());

    sum += options.connections * (options.roundrobin ?
            (servers.size() > num ? servers.size() : num) : 
            (servers.size() * num));

    for (auto i: servers) {
      s_send(*s, i);
      string rep = s_recv(*s);
    }
  }

  // Adjust options_t according to --measure_* arguments.
  options.lambda_denom = sum;
  options.lambda = (double) options.qps / options.lambda_denom *
    args.lambda_mul_arg;

  V("lambda_denom = %d", sum);

  if (args.measure_qps_given) {
    double master_lambda = (double) args.measure_qps_arg / master_sum;

    if (options.qps && master_lambda > options.lambda)
      V("warning: master_lambda (%f) > options.lambda (%f)",
        master_lambda, options.lambda);

    options.lambda = master_lambda;
  }

  if (args.measure_depth_given) options.depth = args.measure_depth_arg;

  for (auto s: agent_sockets) {
    zmq::message_t message(sizeof(sum));
    *((int *) message.data()) = sum;
    s->send(message);
    string rep = s_recv(*s);
  }

  // Master sleeps here to give agents a chance to connect to
  // memcached server before the master, so that the master is never
  // the very first set of connections.  Is this reasonable or
  // necessary?  Most probably not.
  V("MASTER SLEEPS"); sleep_time(1.5);
}

void finish_agent(ConnectionStats &stats) {
  for (auto s: agent_sockets) {
    s_send(*s, "stats");

    AgentStats as;
    zmq::message_t message;

    s->recv(&message);
    memcpy(&as, message.data(), sizeof(as));
    stats.accumulate(as);
  }
}

/*
 * This synchronization routine is ridiculous because the master only
 * has a ZMQ_REQ socket to the agents, but it needs to wait for a
 * message from each agent before it releases them.  In order to get
 * the ZMQ socket into a state where it'll allow the agent to send it
 * a message, it must first send a message ("sync_req").  In order to
 * not leave the socket dangling with an incomplete transaction, the
 * agent must send a reply ("ack").
 *
 * Without this stupid complication it would be:
 *
 * For each agent:
 *   Agent -> Master: sync
 * For each agent:
 *   Master -> Agent: proceed
 *
 * In this way, all agents must arrive at the barrier and the master
 * must receive a message from each of them before it continues.  It
 * then broadcasts the message to proceed, which reasonably limits
 * skew.
 */

void sync_agent(zmq::socket_t* socket) {
  //  V("agent: synchronizing");

  if (args.agent_given) {
    for (auto s: agent_sockets)
      s_send(*s, "sync_req");

    /* The real sync */
    for (auto s: agent_sockets)
      if (s_recv(*s).compare(string("sync")))
        DIE("sync_agent[M]: out of sync [1]");
    for (auto s: agent_sockets)
      s_send(*s, "proceed");
    /* End sync */

    for (auto s: agent_sockets)
      if (s_recv(*s).compare(string("ack")))
        DIE("sync_agent[M]: out of sync [2]");
  } else if (args.agentmode_given) {
    if (s_recv(*socket).compare(string("sync_req")))
      DIE("sync_agent[A]: out of sync [1]");

    /* The real sync */
    s_send(*socket, "sync");
    if (s_recv(*socket).compare(string("proceed")))
      DIE("sync_agent[A]: out of sync [2]");
    /* End sync */

    s_send(*socket, "ack");
  }

  //  V("agent: synchronized");
}
#endif

string name_to_ipaddr(string host) {
  char *s_copy = new char[host.length() + 1];
  strcpy(s_copy, host.c_str());

  char *saveptr = NULL;  // For reentrant strtok().

  char *h_ptr = strtok_r(s_copy, ":", &saveptr);
  char *p_ptr = strtok_r(NULL, ":", &saveptr);

  char ipaddr[16];

  if (h_ptr == NULL)
    DIE("strtok(.., \":\") failed to parse %s", host.c_str());

  string hostname = h_ptr;
  string port = "11211";
  if (p_ptr) port = p_ptr;

  struct evutil_addrinfo hints;
  struct evutil_addrinfo *answer = NULL;
  int err;

  /* Build the hints to tell getaddrinfo how to act. */
  memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
  hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; /* v4 or v6 is fine. */
  hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
  hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; /* We want a TCP socket */
  /* Only return addresses we can use. */
  hints.ai_flags = EVUTIL_AI_ADDRCONFIG;

  /* Look up the hostname. */
  err = evutil_getaddrinfo(h_ptr, NULL, &hints, &answer);
  if (err < 0) {
    DIE("Error while resolving '%s': %s",
        host.c_str(), evutil_gai_strerror(err));
  }

  if (answer == NULL) DIE("No DNS answer.");

  void *ptr = NULL;
  switch (answer->ai_family) {
  case AF_INET:
    ptr = &((struct sockaddr_in *) answer->ai_addr)->sin_addr;
    break;
  case AF_INET6:
    ptr = &((struct sockaddr_in6 *) answer->ai_addr)->sin6_addr;
    break;
  }

  inet_ntop (answer->ai_family, ptr, ipaddr, 16);

  D("Resolved %s to %s", h_ptr, (string(ipaddr) + ":" + string(port)).c_str());

  delete[] s_copy;

  return string(ipaddr) + ":" + string(port);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  if (cmdline_parser(argc, argv, &args) != 0) exit(-1);

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < args.verbose_given; i++)
    log_level = (log_level_t) ((int) log_level - 1);

  if (args.quiet_given) log_level = QUIET;

  if (args.depth_arg < 1) DIE("--depth must be >= 1");
  //  if (args.valuesize_arg < 1 || args.valuesize_arg > 1024*1024)
  //    DIE("--valuesize must be >= 1 and <= 1024*1024");
  if (args.qps_arg < 0) DIE("--qps must be >= 0");
  if (args.update_arg < 0.0 || args.update_arg > 1.0)
    DIE("--update must be >= 0.0 and <= 1.0");
  if (args.time_arg < 1) DIE("--time must be >= 1");
  //  if (args.keysize_arg < MINIMUM_KEY_LENGTH)
  //    DIE("--keysize must be >= %d", MINIMUM_KEY_LENGTH);
  if (args.connections_arg < 1 || args.connections_arg > MAXIMUM_CONNECTIONS)
    DIE("--connections must be between [1,%d]", MAXIMUM_CONNECTIONS);
  //  if (get_distribution(args.iadist_arg) == -1)
  //    DIE("--iadist invalid: %s", args.iadist_arg);
  if (!args.server_given && !args.agentmode_given)
    DIE("--server or --agentmode must be specified.");

  // TODO: Discover peers, share arguments.

  init_random_stuff();
  boot_time = get_time();
  setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IONBF, 0);

  //  struct event_base *base;

  //  if ((base = event_base_new()) == NULL) DIE("event_base_new() fail");
  //  evthread_use_pthreads();

  //  if ((evdns = evdns_base_new(base, 1)) == 0) DIE("evdns");

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
  if (args.agentmode_given) {
    agent();
    return 0;
  } else if (args.agent_given) {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < args.agent_given; i++) {
      zmq::socket_t *s = new zmq::socket_t(context, ZMQ_REQ);
      string host = string("tcp://") + string(args.agent_arg[i]) +
        string(":") + string(args.agent_port_arg);
      s->connect(host.c_str());
      agent_sockets.push_back(s);
    }
  }
#endif

  options_t options;
  args_to_options(&options);

  pthread_barrier_init(&barrier, NULL, options.threads);

  vector<string> servers;
  for (unsigned int s = 0; s < args.server_given; s++)
    servers.push_back(name_to_ipaddr(string(args.server_arg[s])));

  ConnectionStats stats;

  double peak_qps = 0.0;

  if (args.search_given) {
    char *n_ptr = strtok(args.search_arg, ":");
    char *x_ptr = strtok(NULL, ":");

    if (n_ptr == NULL || x_ptr == NULL) DIE("Invalid --search argument");

    int n = atoi(n_ptr);
    int x = atoi(x_ptr);

    I("Search-mode.  Find QPS @ %dus %dth percentile.", x, n);

    int high_qps = 2000000;
    int low_qps = 1; // 5000;
    double nth;
    int cur_qps;

    go(servers, options, stats);

    nth = stats.get_nth(n);
    peak_qps = stats.get_qps();
    high_qps = stats.get_qps();
    cur_qps = stats.get_qps();

    I("peak qps = %d, nth = %.1f", high_qps, nth);

    if (nth > x) {
      //    while ((high_qps > low_qps * 1.02) && cur_qps > 10000) {
    while ((high_qps > low_qps * 1.02) && cur_qps > (peak_qps * .1)) {
      cur_qps = (high_qps + low_qps) / 2;

      args_to_options(&options);

      options.qps = cur_qps;
      options.lambda = (double) options.qps / (double) options.lambda_denom * args.lambda_mul_arg;

      stats = ConnectionStats();

      go(servers, options, stats);

      nth = stats.get_nth(n);

      I("cur_qps = %d, get_qps = %f, nth = %f", cur_qps, stats.get_qps(), nth);

      if (nth > x /*|| cur_qps > stats.get_qps() * 1.05*/) high_qps = cur_qps;
      else low_qps = cur_qps;
    }

    //    while (nth > x && cur_qps > 10000) { // > low_qps) { // 10000) {
      //    while (nth > x && cur_qps > 10000 && cur_qps > (low_qps * 0.90)) {
    while (nth > x && cur_qps > (peak_qps * .1) && cur_qps > (low_qps * 0.90)) {
      cur_qps = cur_qps * 98 / 100;

      args_to_options(&options);

      options.qps = cur_qps;
      options.lambda = (double) options.qps / (double) options.lambda_denom * args.lambda_mul_arg;

      stats = ConnectionStats();

      go(servers, options, stats);

      nth = stats.get_nth(n);

      I("cur_qps = %d, get_qps = %f, nth = %f", cur_qps, stats.get_qps(), nth);
    }

    }
  } else if (args.scan_given) {
    char *min_ptr = strtok(args.scan_arg, ":");
    char *max_ptr = strtok(NULL, ":");
    char *step_ptr = strtok(NULL, ":");

    if (min_ptr == NULL || min_ptr == NULL || step_ptr == NULL)
      DIE("Invalid --scan argument");

    int min = atoi(min_ptr);
    int max = atoi(max_ptr);
    int step = atoi(step_ptr);

    printf("%-7s %7s %7s %7s %7s %7s %7s %7s %7s %8s %8s\n",
           "#type", "avg", "min", "1st", "5th", "10th",
           "90th", "95th", "99th", "QPS", "target");

    for (int q = min; q <= max; q += step) {
      args_to_options(&options);

      options.qps = q;
      options.lambda = (double) options.qps / (double) options.lambda_denom * args.lambda_mul_arg;
      //      options.lambda = (double) options.qps / options.connections /
      //        args.server_given /
      //        (args.threads_arg < 1 ? 1 : args.threads_arg);

      stats = ConnectionStats();

      go(servers, options, stats);

      stats.print_stats("read", stats.get_sampler, false);
      printf(" %8.1f", stats.get_qps());
      printf(" %8d\n", q);
    }    
  } else {
    go(servers, options, stats);
  }

  if (!args.scan_given && !args.loadonly_given) {
    stats.print_header();
    stats.print_stats("read",   stats.get_sampler);
    stats.print_stats("update", stats.set_sampler);
    stats.print_stats("op_q",   stats.op_sampler);

    int total = stats.gets + stats.sets;

    printf("\nTotal QPS = %.1f (%d / %.1fs)\n",
           total / (stats.stop - stats.start),
           total, stats.stop - stats.start);

    if (args.search_given && peak_qps > 0.0)
      printf("Peak QPS  = %.1f\n", peak_qps);

    printf("\n");

    printf("Misses = %" PRIu64 " (%.1f%%)\n", stats.get_misses,
           (double) stats.get_misses/stats.gets*100);

    printf("Skipped TXs = %" PRIu64 " (%.1f%%)\n\n", stats.skips,
           (double) stats.skips / total * 100);

    printf("RX %10" PRIu64 " bytes : %6.1f MB/s\n",
           stats.rx_bytes,
           (double) stats.rx_bytes / 1024 / 1024 / (stats.stop - stats.start));
    printf("TX %10" PRIu64 " bytes : %6.1f MB/s\n",
           stats.tx_bytes,
           (double) stats.tx_bytes / 1024 / 1024 / (stats.stop - stats.start));

    if (args.save_given) {
      printf("Saving latency samples to %s.\n", args.save_arg);

      FILE *file;
      if ((file = fopen(args.save_arg, "w")) == NULL)
        DIE("--save: failed to open %s: %s", args.save_arg, strerror(errno));

      for (auto i: stats.get_sampler.samples) {
        fprintf(file, "%f %f\n", i.start_time - boot_time, i.time());
      }
    }
  }

  //  if (args.threads_arg > 1) 
    pthread_barrier_destroy(&barrier);

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
  if (args.agent_given) {
    for (auto i: agent_sockets) delete i;
  }
#endif

  // evdns_base_free(evdns, 0);
  // event_base_free(base);

  cmdline_parser_free(&args);
}

void go(const vector<string>& servers, options_t& options,
        ConnectionStats &stats
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
, zmq::socket_t* socket
#endif
) {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
  if (args.agent_given > 0) {
    prep_agent(servers, options);
  }
#endif

  if (options.threads > 1) {
    pthread_t pt[options.threads];
    struct thread_data td[options.threads];
#ifdef __clang__
    vector<string>* ts = static_cast<vector<string>*>(alloca(sizeof(vector<string>) * options.threads));
#else
    vector<string> ts[options.threads];
#endif

    int current_cpu = -1;

    for (int t = 0; t < options.threads; t++) {
      td[t].options = &options;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
      td[t].socket = socket;
#endif
      if (t == 0) td[t].master = true;
      else td[t].master = false;

      if (options.roundrobin) {
        for (unsigned int i = (t % servers.size());
             i < servers.size(); i += options.threads)
          ts[t].push_back(servers[i % servers.size()]);

        td[t].servers = &ts[t];
      } else {
        td[t].servers = &servers;
      }

      pthread_attr_t attr;
      pthread_attr_init(&attr);

      if (args.affinity_given) {
        int max_cpus = 8 * sizeof(cpu_set_t);
        cpu_set_t m;
        CPU_ZERO(&m);
        sched_getaffinity(0, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &m);

        for (int i = 0; i < max_cpus; i++) {
          int c = (current_cpu + i + 1) % max_cpus;
          if (CPU_ISSET(c, &m)) {
            CPU_ZERO(&m);
            CPU_SET(c, &m);
            int ret;
            if ((ret = pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(&attr,
                                                   sizeof(cpu_set_t), &m)))
              DIE("pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(%d) failed: %s",
                  c, strerror(ret));
            current_cpu = c;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      if (pthread_create(&pt[t], &attr, thread_main, &td[t]))
        DIE("pthread_create() failed");
    }

    for (int t = 0; t < options.threads; t++) {
      ConnectionStats *cs;
      if (pthread_join(pt[t], (void**) &cs)) DIE("pthread_join() failed");
      stats.accumulate(*cs);
      delete cs;
    }
  } else if (options.threads == 1) {
    do_mutilate(servers, options, stats, true
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
, socket
#endif
);
  } else {
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
    if (args.agent_given) {
      sync_agent(socket);
    }
#endif
  }

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
  if (args.agent_given > 0) {
    int total = stats.gets + stats.sets;

    V("Local QPS = %.1f (%d / %.1fs)",
      total / (stats.stop - stats.start),
      total, stats.stop - stats.start);    

    finish_agent(stats);
  }
#endif
}

void* thread_main(void *arg) {
  struct thread_data *td = (struct thread_data *) arg;

  ConnectionStats *cs = new ConnectionStats();

  do_mutilate(*td->servers, *td->options, *cs, td->master
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
, td->socket
#endif
);

  return cs;
}

void do_mutilate(const vector<string>& servers, options_t& options,
                 ConnectionStats& stats, bool master
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
, zmq::socket_t* socket
#endif
) {
  int loop_flag =
    (options.blocking || args.blocking_given) ? EVLOOP_ONCE : EVLOOP_NONBLOCK;

  char *saveptr = NULL;  // For reentrant strtok().

  struct event_base *base;
  struct evdns_base *evdns;
  struct event_config *config;

  if ((config = event_config_new()) == NULL) DIE("event_config_new() fail");

#ifdef HAVE_DECL_EVENT_BASE_FLAG_PRECISE_TIMER
  if (event_config_set_flag(config, EVENT_BASE_FLAG_PRECISE_TIMER))
    DIE("event_config_set_flag(EVENT_BASE_FLAG_PRECISE_TIMER) fail");
#endif

  if ((base = event_base_new_with_config(config)) == NULL)
    DIE("event_base_new() fail");

  //  evthread_use_pthreads();

  if ((evdns = evdns_base_new(base, 1)) == 0) DIE("evdns");

  //  event_base_priority_init(base, 2);

  // FIXME: May want to move this to after all connections established.
  double start = get_time();
  double now = start;

  vector<Connection*> connections;
  vector<Connection*> server_lead;

  for (auto s: servers) {
    // Split args.server_arg[s] into host:port using strtok().
    char *s_copy = new char[s.length() + 1];
    strcpy(s_copy, s.c_str());

    char *h_ptr = strtok_r(s_copy, ":", &saveptr);
    char *p_ptr = strtok_r(NULL, ":", &saveptr);

    if (h_ptr == NULL) DIE("strtok(.., \":\") failed to parse %s", s.c_str());

    string hostname = h_ptr;
    string port = "11211";
    if (p_ptr) port = p_ptr;

    delete[] s_copy;

    int conns = args.measure_connections_given ? args.measure_connections_arg :
      options.connections;

    for (int c = 0; c < conns; c++) {
      Connection* conn = new Connection(base, evdns, hostname, port, options,
                                        args.agentmode_given ? false :
                                        true);
      connections.push_back(conn);
      if (c == 0) server_lead.push_back(conn);
    }
  }

  // Wait for all Connections to become IDLE.
  while (1) {
    // FIXME: If all connections become ready before event_base_loop
    // is called, this will deadlock.
    event_base_loop(base, EVLOOP_ONCE);

    bool restart = false;
    for (Connection *conn: connections)
      if (!conn->is_ready()) restart = true;

    if (restart) continue;
    else break;
  }

  // Load database on lead connection for each server.
  if (!options.noload) {
    V("Loading database.");

    for (auto c: server_lead) c->start_loading();

    // Wait for all Connections to become IDLE.
    while (1) {
      // FIXME: If all connections become ready before event_base_loop
      // is called, this will deadlock.
      event_base_loop(base, EVLOOP_ONCE);

      bool restart = false;
      for (Connection *conn: connections)
        if (!conn->is_ready()) restart = true;

      if (restart) continue;
      else break;
    }
  }

  if (options.loadonly) {
    evdns_base_free(evdns, 0);
    event_base_free(base);
    return;
  }

  // FIXME: Remove.  Not needed, testing only.
  //  // FIXME: Synchronize start_time here across threads/nodes.
  //  pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);

  // Warmup connection.
  if (options.warmup > 0) {
    if (master) V("Warmup start.");

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
    if (args.agent_given || args.agentmode_given) {
      if (master) V("Synchronizing.");

      // 1. thread barrier: make sure our threads ready before syncing agents
      // 2. sync agents: all threads across all agents are now ready
      // 3. thread barrier: don't release our threads until all agents ready
      pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);
      if (master) sync_agent(socket);
      pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);

      if (master) V("Synchronized.");
    }
#endif

    int old_time = options.time;
    //    options.time = 1;

    start = get_time();
    for (Connection *conn: connections) {
      conn->start_time = start;
      conn->options.time = options.warmup;
      conn->start(); // Kick the Connection into motion.
    }

    while (1) {
      event_base_loop(base, loop_flag);

      //#ifdef USE_CLOCK_GETTIME
      //      now = get_time();
      //#else
      struct timeval now_tv;
      event_base_gettimeofday_cached(base, &now_tv);
      now = tv_to_double(&now_tv);
      //#endif

      bool restart = false;
      for (Connection *conn: connections)
        if (!conn->check_exit_condition(now))
          restart = true;

      if (restart) continue;
      else break;
    }

    bool restart = false;
    for (Connection *conn: connections)
      if (!conn->is_ready()) restart = true;

    if (restart) {

    // Wait for all Connections to become IDLE.
    while (1) {
      // FIXME: If there were to use EVLOOP_ONCE and all connections
      // become ready before event_base_loop is called, this will
      // deadlock.  We should check for IDLE before calling
      // event_base_loop.
      event_base_loop(base, EVLOOP_ONCE); // EVLOOP_NONBLOCK);

      bool restart = false;
      for (Connection *conn: connections)
        if (!conn->is_ready()) restart = true;

      if (restart) continue;
      else break;
    }
    }

    for (Connection *conn: connections) {
      conn->reset();
      conn->options.time = old_time;
    }

    if (master) V("Warmup stop.");
  }


  // FIXME: Synchronize start_time here across threads/nodes.
  pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);

  if (master && args.wait_given) {
    if (get_time() < boot_time + args.wait_arg) {
      double t = (boot_time + args.wait_arg)-get_time();
      V("Sleeping %.1fs for -W.", t);
      sleep_time(t);
    }
  }

#ifdef HAVE_LIBZMQ
  if (args.agent_given || args.agentmode_given) {
    if (master) V("Synchronizing.");

    pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);
    if (master) sync_agent(socket);
    pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);

    if (master) V("Synchronized.");
  }
#endif

  if (master && !args.scan_given && !args.search_given)
    V("started at %f", get_time());

  start = get_time();
  for (Connection *conn: connections) {
    conn->start_time = start;
    conn->start(); // Kick the Connection into motion.
  }

  //  V("Start = %f", start);

  // Main event loop.
  while (1) {
    event_base_loop(base, loop_flag);

    //#if USE_CLOCK_GETTIME
    //    now = get_time();
    //#else
    struct timeval now_tv;
    event_base_gettimeofday_cached(base, &now_tv);
    now = tv_to_double(&now_tv);
    //#endif

    bool restart = false;
    for (Connection *conn: connections)
      if (!conn->check_exit_condition(now))
        restart = true;

    if (restart) continue;
    else break;
  }

  if (master && !args.scan_given && !args.search_given)
    V("stopped at %f  options.time = %d", get_time(), options.time);

  // Tear-down and accumulate stats.
  for (Connection *conn: connections) {
    stats.accumulate(conn->stats);
    delete conn;
  }

  stats.start = start;
  stats.stop = now;

  event_config_free(config);
  evdns_base_free(evdns, 0);
  event_base_free(base);
}

void args_to_options(options_t* options) {
  //  bzero(options, sizeof(options_t));
  options->connections = args.connections_arg;
  options->blocking = args.blocking_given;
  options->qps = args.qps_arg;
  options->threads = args.threads_arg;
  options->server_given = args.server_given;
  options->roundrobin = args.roundrobin_given;

  int connections = options->connections;
  if (options->roundrobin) {
    connections *= (options->server_given > options->threads ?
                    options->server_given : options->threads);
  } else {
    connections *= options->server_given * options->threads;
  }

  //  if (args.agent_given) connections *= (1 + args.agent_given);

  options->lambda_denom = connections > 1 ? connections : 1;
  if (args.lambda_mul_arg > 1) options->lambda_denom *= args.lambda_mul_arg;

  if (options->threads < 1) options->lambda_denom = 0;

  options->lambda = (double) options->qps / (double) options->lambda_denom * args.lambda_mul_arg;

  //  V("%d %d %d %f", options->qps, options->connections,
  //  connections, options->lambda);

  //  if (args.no_record_scale_given)
  //    options->records = args.records_arg;
  //  else
  options->records = args.records_arg / options->server_given;

  options->binary = args.binary_given;
  options->sasl = args.username_given;
  
  if (args.password_given)
    strcpy(options->password, args.password_arg);
  else
    strcpy(options->password, "");

  if (args.username_given)
    strcpy(options->username, args.username_arg);
  else
    strcpy(options->username, "");

  D("options->records = %d", options->records);

  if (!options->records) options->records = 1;
  strcpy(options->keysize, args.keysize_arg);
  //  options->keysize = args.keysize_arg;
  strcpy(options->valuesize, args.valuesize_arg);
  //  options->valuesize = args.valuesize_arg;
  options->update = args.update_arg;
  options->time = args.time_arg;
  options->loadonly = args.loadonly_given;
  options->depth = args.depth_arg;
  options->no_nodelay = args.no_nodelay_given;
  options->noload = args.noload_given;
  options->iadist = get_distribution(args.iadist_arg);
  strcpy(options->ia, args.iadist_arg);
  options->warmup = args.warmup_given ? args.warmup_arg : 0;
  options->oob_thread = false;
  options->skip = args.skip_given;
  options->moderate = args.moderate_given;
}

void init_random_stuff() {
  static char lorem[] =
    R"(Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas turpis dui, suscipit non vehicula non, malesuada id sem. Phasellus suscipit nisl ut dui consectetur ultrices tincidunt eros aliquet. Donec feugiat lectus sed nibh ultrices ultrices. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Mauris suscipit eros sed justo lobortis at ultrices lacus molestie. Duis in diam mi. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Ut cursus viverra sagittis. Vivamus non facilisis tortor. Integer lectus arcu, sagittis et eleifend rutrum, condimentum eget sem. Vestibulum tempus tellus non risus semper semper. Morbi molestie rhoncus mi, in egestas dui facilisis et.)";

  size_t cursor = 0;

  while (cursor < sizeof(random_char)) {
    size_t max = sizeof(lorem);
    if (sizeof(random_char) - cursor < max)
      max = sizeof(random_char) - cursor;

    memcpy(&random_char[cursor], lorem, max);
    cursor += max;
  }
}