doc: describe optimizations using C11 atomic builtins

Add information about possible optimizations using C11 atomic builtins.

Signed-off-by: Phil Yang <phil.yang@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Honnappa Nagarahalli <honnappa.nagarahalli@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Honnappa Nagarahalli <honnappa.nagarahalli@arm.com>

doc/guides/prog_guide/writing_efficient_code.rst

@@ -167,7 +167,13 @@ but with the added cost of lower throughput.
 Locks and Atomic Operations
 ---------------------------
 
-Atomic operations imply a lock prefix before the instruction,
+This section describes some key considerations when using locks and atomic
+operations in the DPDK environment.
+
+Locks
+~~~~~
+
+On x86, atomic operations imply a lock prefix before the instruction,
 causing the processor's LOCK# signal to be asserted during execution of the following instruction.
 This has a big impact on performance in a multicore environment.
 
@@ -176,6 +182,57 @@ It can often be replaced by other solutions like per-lcore variables.
 Also, some locking techniques are more efficient than others.
 For instance, the Read-Copy-Update (RCU) algorithm can frequently replace simple rwlocks.
 
+Atomic Operations: Use C11 Atomic Builtins
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+DPDK generic rte_atomic operations are implemented by __sync builtins. These
+__sync builtins result in full barriers on aarch64, which are unnecessary
+in many use cases. They can be replaced by __atomic builtins that conform to
+the C11 memory model and provide finer memory order control.
+
+So replacing the rte_atomic operations with __atomic builtins might improve
+performance for aarch64 machines.
+
+Some typical optimization cases are listed below:
+
+Atomicity
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+Some use cases require atomicity alone, the ordering of the memory operations
+does not matter. For example, the packet statistics counters need to be
+incremented atomically but do not need any particular memory ordering.
+So, RELAXED memory ordering is sufficient.
+
+One-way Barrier
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Some use cases allow for memory reordering in one way while requiring memory
+ordering in the other direction.
+
+For example, the memory operations before the spinlock lock are allowed to
+move to the critical section, but the memory operations in the critical section
+are not allowed to move above the lock. In this case, the full memory barrier
+in the compare-and-swap operation can be replaced with ACQUIRE memory order.
+On the other hand, the memory operations after the spinlock unlock are allowed
+to move to the critical section, but the memory operations in the critical
+section are not allowed to move below the unlock. So the full barrier in the
+store operation can use RELEASE memory order.
+
+Reader-Writer Concurrency
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Lock-free reader-writer concurrency is one of the common use cases in DPDK.
+
+The payload or the data that the writer wants to communicate to the reader,
+can be written with RELAXED memory order. However, the guard variable should
+be written with RELEASE memory order. This ensures that the store to guard
+variable is observable only after the store to payload is observable.
+
+Correspondingly, on the reader side, the guard variable should be read
+with ACQUIRE memory order. The payload or the data the writer communicated,
+can be read with RELAXED memory order. This ensures that, if the store to
+guard variable is observable, the store to payload is also observable.
+
 Coding Considerations
 ---------------------