1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software written and contributed
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.\" to Berkeley by William Jolitz.
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.\"
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.\" Almost completely rewritten for FreeBSD 2.1 by Joerg Wunsch.
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.\"
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1999-05-22 12:55:16 +00:00
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.\" Substantially revised for FreeBSD 3.1 by Robert Nordier.
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.\"
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)boot_i386.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
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.\"
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1999-06-26 21:57:08 +00:00
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.\" $Id: boot_i386.8,v 1.18 1999/05/22 12:55:16 rnordier Exp $
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.\"
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Dd April 19, 1994
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.Dt BOOT 8 i386
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm boot
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.Nd
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system bootstrapping procedures
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Sy Power fail and crash recovery.
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Normally, the system will reboot itself at power-up or after crashes.
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An automatic consistency check of the file systems will be performed,
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and unless this fails, the system will resume multi-user operations.
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.Pp
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.Sy Cold starts.
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1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
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Most i386 PCs attempt to boot first from floppy disk drive 0 (sometimes
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known as drive A:) and, failing that, from hard disk drive 0 (sometimes
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known as drive C:, or as drive 0x80 to the BIOS). Some BIOSes allow
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you to change this default sequence, and may also include a CD-ROM
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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drive as a boot device.
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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.Pp
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By default, a three-stage bootstrap is employed, and control is
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automatically passed from the boot blocks (bootstrap stages one and
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two) to a separate third-stage bootstrap program,
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1999-03-16 13:16:11 +00:00
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.Pa loader .
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1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
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This third stage provides more sophisticated control over the booting
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process than it is possible to achieve in the boot blocks, which are
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constrained by occupying limited fixed space on a given disk or slice.
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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.Pp
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However, it is possible to dispense with the third stage altogether,
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either by specifying a kernel name in the boot block parameter
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file,
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.Pa /boot.config ,
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or by hitting a key during a brief pause (while one of the characters
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.Dv - ,
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.Dv \e ,
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.Dv \&| ,
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or
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.Dv /
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is displayed) before
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1999-03-16 13:16:11 +00:00
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.Pa loader
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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is invoked. Booting will also be attempted at stage two, if the
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third stage cannot be loaded.
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.Pp
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1999-03-16 13:16:11 +00:00
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The remainder of this subsection deals only with the boot blocks. The
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.Pa loader
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program is documented separately.
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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.Pp
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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After the boot blocks have been loaded,
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you should see a prompt similar to the following:
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.Bd -literal
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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>> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT
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Default: 0:wd(0,a)/kernel
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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boot:
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The automatic boot will attempt to load
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.Pa /kernel
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from partition
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.Ql a
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of either the floppy or the hard disk.
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This boot may be aborted by typing any character on the keyboard
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at the
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Ql boot:
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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prompt. At this time, the following input will be accepted:
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Bl -tag -width 10x
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It \&?
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Give a short listing of the files in the root directory of the default
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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boot device, as a hint about available boot files. (A
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.Dv \&?
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may also be specified as the last segment of a path, in which case
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the listing will be of the relevant subdirectory.)
|
1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
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.Pp
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.It bios_drive:interface(unit,part) filename Op Fl aCcDdghPrsv
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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Specify boot file and flags.
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Bl -tag -width 10x -compact
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.It bios_drive
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The drive number as recognized by the BIOS.
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0 for the first drive, 1 for the second drive, etc.
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.It interface
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The type of controller to boot from. Note that the controller is required
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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to have BIOS support since the BIOS services are used to load the
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boot file image.
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1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Pp
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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The supported interfaces are:
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.Bl -tag -width "wdXX" -compact
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It wd
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ST506, IDE, ESDI, RLL disks on a WD100[2367] or lookalike
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controller
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.It fd
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5 1/4" or 3 1/2" High density floppies
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1998-09-23 06:54:14 +00:00
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.It da
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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SCSI disk on any supported SCSI controller
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.\".It cd
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.\"boot from CDROM
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.El
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.It unit
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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The unit number of the drive on the interface being used.
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0 for the first drive, 1 for the second drive, etc.
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It part
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The partition letter inside the BSD portion of the disk. See
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1998-07-15 06:51:38 +00:00
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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By convention, only partition
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.Ql a
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contains a bootable image. If sliced disks are used
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.Pq Dq fdisk partitions ,
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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any slice can be booted from, with the default being the active slice
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1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
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or, otherwise, the first FreeBSD slice.
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.It filename
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The pathname of the file to boot (relative to the root directory
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on the specified partition). Defaults to
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1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
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.Pa /kernel .
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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Symbolic links are not supported (hard links are).
|
1998-09-23 06:54:14 +00:00
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.It Fl acCdDghPrsv
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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Boot flags:
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Bl -tag -width "-CXX" -compact
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl a
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1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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during kernel initialization,
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ask for the device to mount as as the root file system.
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.It Fl C
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boot from CDROM.
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl c
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run UserConfig to modify hardware parameters for the loaded
|
1998-02-10 00:17:44 +00:00
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kernel. If the kernel was built with the USERCONFIG_BOOT option,
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remain in UserConfig regardless of any
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.Ic quit
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commands present in the script.
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.It Fl D
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toggle single and dual console configurations. In the single
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configuration the console will be either the internal display
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or the serial port, depending on the state of the
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.Fl h
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option below. In the dual console configuration,
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both the internal display and the serial port will become the console
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at the same time, regardless of the state of the
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.Fl h
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option. However, the dual console configuration takes effect only during
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the boot prompt. Once the kernel is loaded, the console specified
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by the
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.Fl h
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option becomes the only console.
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1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl d
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enter the DDB kernel debugger
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.Pq see Xr ddb 4
|
1998-03-23 06:36:57 +00:00
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as early as possible in kernel initialization.
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.It Fl g
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use the GDB remote debugging protocol.
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl h
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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toggle internal and serial consoles. You can use this to switch
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console devices. For instance, if you boot from the internal console,
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you can use the
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.Fl h
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option to force the kernel to use the serial port as its
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console device. Alternatively, if you boot from the serial port,
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you can use this option to force the kernel to use the internal display
|
1998-07-09 06:24:21 +00:00
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as the console instead. This option has no effect if the kernel was
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compiled with
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.Em options COMCONSOLE .
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.It Fl P
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probe the keyboard. If no keyboard is found, the
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.Fl D
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and
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.Fl h
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options are automatically set.
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl r
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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use the statically configured default for the device containing the
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root file system
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.Pq see Xr config 8 .
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Normally, the root file system is on the device
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that the kernel was loaded from.
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl s
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boot into single-user mode; if the console is marked as
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.Dq insecure
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.Pq see Xr ttys 5 ,
|
1998-07-15 06:51:38 +00:00
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the root password must be entered.
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.It Fl v
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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be verbose during device probing (and later).
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
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.El
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.El
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.El
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Pp
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You may put a BIOS drive number, a controller type, a unit number,
|
1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
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|
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a partition, a kernel file name, and any valid option in
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
|
|
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.Pa /boot.config
|
1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
|
|
|
to set defaults. Enter them in one line just as you type at the
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Ql boot:
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prompt.
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
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.Sh FILES
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
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.Bl -tag -width /kernel.old.config -compact
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.It Pa /boot.config
|
1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
|
|
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parameters for the boot blocks (optional)
|
1999-03-16 13:16:11 +00:00
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.It Pa /boot/boot1
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first stage bootstrap file
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.It Pa /boot/boot2
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second stage bootstrap file
|
1999-01-06 14:19:09 +00:00
|
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.It Pa /boot/loader
|
1999-03-16 13:16:11 +00:00
|
|
|
third stage bootstrap
|
1994-08-05 09:14:37 +00:00
|
|
|
.It Pa /kernel
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
|
|
|
default kernel
|
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|
.It Pa /kernel.old
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|
typical non-default kernel (optional)
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.El
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|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr ddb 4 ,
|
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|
.Xr ttys 5 ,
|
1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr btxld 8 ,
|
1997-07-05 02:02:02 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr config 8 ,
|
1997-01-13 00:25:51 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr disklabel 8 ,
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr halt 8 ,
|
1999-03-16 13:16:11 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr loader 8 ,
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr reboot 8 ,
|
1997-01-13 00:25:51 +00:00
|
|
|
.Xr shutdown 8
|
1999-05-22 12:55:16 +00:00
|
|
|
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
|
|
|
|
When disk-related errors occur, these are reported by the second-stage
|
|
|
|
bootstrap using the same error codes returned by the BIOS, for example
|
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|
``Disk error 0x1 (lba=0x12345678)''. Here is a partial list of these
|
|
|
|
error codes:
|
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|
|
.Bl -tag -width "0x80" -compat
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|
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|
.It 0x1
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Invalid argument
|
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.It 0x2
|
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Address mark not found
|
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.It 0x4
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Sector not found
|
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.It 0x8
|
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DMA overrun
|
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.It 0x9
|
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DMA attempt across 64K boundary
|
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.It 0xc
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Invalid media
|
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.It 0x10
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Uncorrectable CRC/ECC error
|
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.It 0x20
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Controller failure
|
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.It 0x40
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Seek failed
|
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.It 0x80
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Timeout
|
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.El
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.Pp
|
|
|
|
IMPORTANT NOTE: Because of limitations imposed by the conventional
|
|
|
|
disk interface provided by the BIOS, all boot-related files and
|
|
|
|
structures (including the kernel) that need to be accessed during the
|
|
|
|
boot phase must reside on the disk at or below cylinder 1023 (as the
|
|
|
|
BIOS understands the geometry). When a
|
|
|
|
.Dq Disk error 0x1
|
|
|
|
is reported by the second-stage bootstrap, it generally means that this
|
|
|
|
requirement has not been adhered to.
|
1994-05-26 06:35:07 +00:00
|
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
|
|
The disklabel format used by this version of
|
|
|
|
.Bx
|
|
|
|
is quite
|
|
|
|
different from that of other architectures.
|
1995-10-07 12:05:00 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pp
|
1999-06-26 21:57:08 +00:00
|
|
|
Due to space constraints, the keyboard probe initiated by the
|
|
|
|
.Fl P
|
|
|
|
option is simply a test that the BIOS has detected an
|
|
|
|
.Dq extended
|
|
|
|
keyboard. If an
|
|
|
|
.Dq XT/AT
|
|
|
|
keyboard (with no F11 and F12 keys, etc.) is attached, the probe will
|
|
|
|
fail.
|
|
|
|
.Pp
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1999-01-19 09:04:18 +00:00
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Some features are not yet documented.
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