640 lines
19 KiB
Groff
640 lines
19 KiB
Groff
.\"-
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.\" Copyright (c) 2011-2013 Nathan Whitehorn <nwhitehorn@FreeBSD.org> All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 2018 Roberto Fernandez Cueto <roberfern@gmail.com>
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
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.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
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.\" DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
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.\" INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
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.\" (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
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.\" SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
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.\" STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
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.\" ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd March 26, 2021
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.Dt BSDINSTALL 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm bsdinstall
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.Nd system installer
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Ar options
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.Op Ar target
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.Op Ar ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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is used for installation of new systems, both for system setup from
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installation media, e.g., CD-ROMs, and for use on live systems to prepare
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VM images and jails.
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.Pp
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Much like
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.Xr make 1 , Nm
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takes a target and possible parameters of the target as arguments.
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If invoked with no arguments, it will invoke the
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.Cm auto
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target, which provides a standard interactive installation, invoking the
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others in sequence.
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To perform a scripted installation,
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these subtargets can be invoked separately by an installation script.
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.Sh OPTIONS
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.Nm
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supports the following options, global to all targets:
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.Bl -tag -width indent+
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.It Fl D Ar file
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Provide a path for the installation log file
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.Pq overrides Ev BSDINSTALL_LOG .
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See
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.Sx ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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for more information on
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_LOG .
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.El
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.Sh TARGETS
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Most of the following targets are only useful for scripting the installer.
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For interactive use, most users will be interested only in the
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.Cm auto ,
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.Cm jail ,
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and
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.Cm script
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targets.
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.Bl -tag -width ".Cm jail Ar destination"
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.It Cm auto
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Run the standard interactive installation, including disk partitioning.
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.It Cm jail Ar destination
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Sets up a new chroot system at
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.Pa destination ,
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suitable for use with
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.Xr jail 8 .
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Behavior is generally similar to
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.Cm auto ,
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except that disk partitioning and network setup are skipped and a kernel is
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not installed into the new system.
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.It Cm script Ar script
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Runs the installation script at
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.Pa script .
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See
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.Sx SCRIPTING
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for more information on this target.
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.It Cm keymap
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If the current controlling TTY is a
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.Xr syscons 4
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or
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.Xr vt 4
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console, asks the user to set the current keymap, and saves the result to the
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new system's
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.Pa rc.conf .
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.It Cm hostname
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Prompts the user for a host name for the new system and saves the result to the
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new system's
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.Pa rc.conf .
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If
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_CONFIGCURRENT
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is set, also sets the host name of the current system.
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.It Cm netconfig
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Interactively configures network interfaces (first invoking
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.Cm wlanconfig
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on wireless interfaces), saving the result to the new system's
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.Pa rc.conf
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and
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.Pa resolv.conf .
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If
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_CONFIGCURRENT
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is set, also configures the network interfaces of the current system to match.
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.It Cm autopart
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Provides the installer's interactive guided disk partitioner for single-disk
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installations.
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Defaults to UFS.
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.It Cm bootconfig
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Detects an appropriate partition and installs UEFI boot loader files.
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.It Cm zfsboot
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Provides a ZFS-only automatic interactive disk partitioner.
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Creates a single
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.Ic zpool
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with separate datasets for
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.Pa /tmp ,
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.Pa /usr ,
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.Pa /usr/home ,
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.Pa /usr/ports ,
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.Pa /usr/src ,
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and
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.Pa /var .
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Optionally can set up
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.Xr geli 8
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to encrypt the disk.
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.It Cm partedit
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Provides the installer's interactive manual disk partitioner with an interface
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identical to
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.Xr sade 8 .
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Supports multiple disks as well as UFS, ZFS, and FAT file systems.
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ZFS is set up with one pool and dataset per partition.
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.It Cm scriptedpart Ar parameters
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Sets up disks like
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.Cm autopart
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and
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.Cm partedit ,
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but non-interactively according to the disk setup specified in
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.Ar parameters .
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Each disk setup is specified by a three-part argument:
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.Pp
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.Ar disk
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.Op Ar scheme
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.Op Ar {partitions}
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.Pp
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Multiple disk setups are separated by semicolons.
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The
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.Ar disk
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argument specifies the disk on which to operate (which will be erased),
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or the special value
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.Em DEFAULT ,
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which will result in either a selection window (as in
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.Cm autopart )
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for the destination disk or, if there is only one possible disk, will
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automatically select it.
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The
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.Ar scheme
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argument specifies the
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.Xr gpart 8
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partition scheme to apply to the disk.
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If
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.Ar scheme
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is unspecified,
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.Cm scriptedpart
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will apply the default bootable scheme on your platform.
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The
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.Ar partitions
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argument is also optional and specifies how to partition
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.Ar disk .
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It consists of a comma-separated list of partitions to create enclosed in
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curly braces.
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Each partition declaration takes the form
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.Pp
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.Ar size
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.Ar type
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.Op Ar mount point
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.Pp
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.Ar size
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specifies the partition size to create in bytes (K, M, and G suffixes
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can be appended to specify kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes respectively),
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while the
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.Em auto
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keyword causes the partition to take all the remaining space on the disk.
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The
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.Ar type
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option chooses the
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.Xr gpart 8
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filesystem type, e.g., freebsd-ufs, freebsd-zfs, or freebsd-swap.
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The optional
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.Ar mount point
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argument sets where the created partition is to be mounted in the installed
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system.
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As an example, a typical invocation looks like:
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.Pp
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bsdinstall scriptedpart ada0 { 20G freebsd-ufs /, 4G freebsd-swap, 20G freebsd-ufs /var, auto freebsd-ufs /usr }
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.Pp
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Note that the list of partitions should
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.Em not
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include boot partitions (e.g. EFI system partitions), which will be created automatically on whatever disk includes /.
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.Pp
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A shorter invocation to use the default partitioning (as
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.Cm autopart
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would have used) on the same disk:
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.Pp
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bsdinstall scriptedpart ada0
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.Pp
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or, even shorter:
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.Pp
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bsdinstall scriptedpart DEFAULT
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.It Cm mount
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Mounts the file systems previously configured by
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.Cm autopart ,
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.Cm partedit ,
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or
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.Cm scriptedpart
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under
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_CHROOT .
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.It Cm distfetch
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Fetches the distributions in
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.Ev DISTRIBUTIONS
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to
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_DISTDIR
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from
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_DISTSITE .
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.It Cm checksum
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Verifies the checksums of the distributions listed in
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.Ev DISTRIBUTIONS
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against the distribution manifest.
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.It Cm distextract
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Extracts the distributions listed in
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.Ev DISTRIBUTIONS
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into
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_CHROOT .
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.It Cm rootpass
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Interactively invokes
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.Xr passwd 1
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in the new system to set the root user's password.
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.It Cm adduser
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Interactively invokes
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.Xr adduser 8
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in the new system.
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.It Cm time
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Interactively sets the time, date, and time zone of the new system.
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.It Cm services
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Queries the user for the system daemons to begin at system startup,
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writing the result into the new system's
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.Pa rc.conf .
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.It Cm entropy
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Reads a small amount of data from
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.Pa /dev/random
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and stores it in a file in the new system's root directory.
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.It Cm config
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Installs the configuration files destined for the new system, e.g.,
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.Xr rc.conf 5
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fragments generated by
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.Cm netconfig ,
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etc.) onto the new system.
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.El
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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The following environment variables control various aspects of the installation
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process.
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Many are used internally during installation and have reasonable default values
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for most installation scenarios.
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Others are set by various interactive user prompts, and can be usefully
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overridden when making scripted or customized installers.
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.Bl -tag -width ".Ev BSDINSTALL_DISTSITE"
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.It Ev TMPDIR
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The directory to use for temporary files.
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Default:
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.Dq Pa /tmp
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.It Ev DISTRIBUTIONS
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The set of distributions to install, e.g., "base.txz kernel.txz ports.txz".
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Default: unset
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.It Ev PARTITIONS
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The partitioning of the disk onto which the system is being installed.
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See
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.Cm scriptedpart
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of
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the
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.Sx TARGETS
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section for format details. If this variable is unset, the installer will
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use the default partitioning as in
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.Cm autopart .
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Default: unset
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.It Ev BSDINSTALL_DISTDIR
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The directory in which the distribution files can be found (or to which they
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should be downloaded).
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Default:
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.Dq Pa /usr/freebsd-dist
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.It Ev BSDINSTALL_DISTSITE
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URL from which the distribution files should be downloaded if they are not
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already present in the directory defined by
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.Ev BSDINSTALL_DISTDIR .
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This should be a full path to the files, including architecture and release
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names.
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Most targets, e.g.,
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.Cm auto
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and
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.Cm jail ,
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that prompt for a
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.Fx
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mirror will skip that step if this variable is already defined in the
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environment.
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Example:
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.Pa ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/powerpc/powerpc64/9.1-RELEASE
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.It Ev BSDINSTALL_CHROOT
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The directory into which the distribution files should be unpacked and the
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directory at which the root file system of the new system should be mounted.
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Default:
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.Dq Pa /mnt
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.It Ev BSDINSTALL_LOG
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Path to a log file for the installation.
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Default:
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.Dq Pa $TMPDIR/bsdinstall_log
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.It Ev BSDINSTALL_TMPETC
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Directory where files destined for the new system's
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.Pa /etc
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will be stored until the
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.Cm config
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target is executed.
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If this directory does not already exist, it will be created.
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Default:
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.Dq Pa $TMPDIR/bsdinstall_etc
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.It Ev BSDINSTALL_TMPBOOT
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Directory where files destined for the new system's
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.Pa /boot
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will be stored until the
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.Cm config
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target is executed.
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If this directory does not already exist, it will be created.
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Default:
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.Dq Pa $TMPDIR/bsdinstall_boot
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_POOL_NAME
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Name for the pool containing the base system.
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Default:
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.Dq zroot
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_POOL_CREATE_OPTIONS
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Options to be used when creating the base system's pool.
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Each option must be followed by the -O flag to be taken into consideration
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or the pool will not be created due to errors using the command
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.Cm zpool .
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Default:
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.Dq Li "-O compress=lz4 -O atime=off"
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_BEROOT_NAME
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Name for the boot environment parent dataset.
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This is a non-mountable dataset meant to be a parent dataset where different
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boot environment are going to be created.
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Default:
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.Dq ROOT
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOTFS_NAME
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Name for the primary boot environment, which will be the default boot
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environment for the system.
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Default:
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.Dq default
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_VDEV_TYPE
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The type of pool to be created for the base system.
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This variable can take one of this values: stripe (No redundancy),
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mirror (n-Way mirroring), raid10 (RAID 1+0 - n x 2-Way Mirrors),
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raidz1 (RAID-Z1 - Single Redundancy RAID), raidz2 (RAID-Z2 - Double Redundancy RAID)
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or raidz3 (RAID-Z3 Triple Redundancy RAID).
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Default:
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.Dq stripe
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_FORCE_4K_SECTORS
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Indicates either the pool will use 4K or 512 sectors.
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If this variable is not empty, 4K sectors will be used.
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Default:
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.Dq 1
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_GELI_ENCRYPTION
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If this variable is not empty, it will use
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.Xr geli 8
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to encrypt the root pool, enabling automatically the
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.Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL
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variable.
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Default:
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.Dq ""
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_GELI_KEY_FILE
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Path to the
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.Xr geli 8
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keyfile used to encrypt the pool where the base system is stored.
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Default:
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.Dq Pa /boot/encryption.key
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL
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If set a separated boot pool will be created for the kernel of the
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system and
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.Xr loader 8 .
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Default: unset
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL_CREATE_OPTIONS
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Options to use when creating the boot pool, when enabled (See
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.Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL ).
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Default: unset
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL_NAME
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Name for the optional boot pool when it is enabled, (See
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.Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL ).
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Default:
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.Dq bootpool
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL_SIZE
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Size of the boot pool when it is enabled (See
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.Ev ZFSBOOT_BOOT_POOL ).
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Default:
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.Dq 2g
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_DISKS
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Disks to be used for the base system, including the boot pool.
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This variable must only be used on a scripted installation.
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See
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.Sx SCRIPTING
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for more information.
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Default: unset
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_SWAP_SIZE
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Size of the swap partition on each block device.
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This variable will be passed to
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.Xr gpart 8 ;
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which supports SI unit suffixes.
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Default:
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.Dq 2g
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_SWAP_ENCRYPTION
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If set, enables the encryption of the swap partition using
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.Xr geli 8 .
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Default: ""
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_SWAP_MIRROR
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If set, enables a swap mirroring using
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.Xr gmirror 8 .
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Default:
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unset
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_DATASETS
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ZFS datasets to be created on the root zpool, it requires the
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following datasets:
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.Pa /tmp ,
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.Pa /var/tmp ,
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.Pa /$ZFSBOOT_BEROOT_NAME/$ZFSBOOT_BOOTFS_NAME .
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See
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.Sx ZFS DATASETS
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for more information about who to write this variable and to
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take a look into the default value of it.
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.It Ev ZFSBOOT_CONFIRM_LAYOUT
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|
If set and the installation is interactive, allow the user to confirm
|
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the layout before continuing with the installation.
|
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Default:
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.Dq 1
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.El
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.Sh SCRIPTING
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.Nm
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|
supports unattended, or minimally-attended, installations using scripting.
|
|
This can be used with either modified physical installation media or with
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.Xr diskless 8
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|
installations over the network; information on preparing such media can be
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found in
|
|
.Sx BUILDING AUTOMATIC INSTALL MEDIA
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|
.Pp
|
|
Scripted installations follow an essentially identical path to interactive
|
|
installations, though with some minor feature differences (for example,
|
|
scripted installations do not support fetching of remote distribution files
|
|
since scripted installations normally install the same files and the distributions
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|
can be added directly to the installation media).
|
|
.Nm
|
|
scripts consist of two parts: a
|
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.Em preamble
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|
and a
|
|
.Em setup script .
|
|
The preamble sets up the options for the installation (how to partition the
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|
disk[s], which distributions to install, etc.) and the optional second part is
|
|
a shell script run under
|
|
.Xr chroot 8
|
|
in the newly installed system before
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.Nm
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|
exits.
|
|
The two parts are separated by the usual script header (#!), which also sets
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the interpreter for the setup script.
|
|
.Pp
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|
A typical bsdinstall script, using the default filesystem layout and the UFS
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filesystem, looks like this:
|
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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PARTITIONS=DEFAULT
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DISTRIBUTIONS="kernel.txz base.txz"
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#!/bin/sh
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sysrc ifconfig_DEFAULT=DHCP
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sysrc sshd_enable=YES
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pkg install puppet
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.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For a scripted installation involving a ZFS pool spanning multiple disks,
|
|
the script instead looks like this:
|
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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|
DISTRIBUTIONS="kernel.txz base.txz"
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export ZFSBOOT_VDEV_TYPE=stripe
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export ZFSBOOT_DISKS="ada0 ada1"
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export nonInteractive="YES"
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|
#!/bin/sh
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echo "ifconfig_DEFAULT=DHCP" >> /etc/rc.conf
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echo "sshd_enable=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf
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pkg install puppet
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.Ed
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|
.Pp
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|
On
|
|
.Fx
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|
release media, such a script placed at
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.Pa /etc/installerconfig
|
|
will be run at boot time and the system will be rebooted automatically after
|
|
the installation has completed.
|
|
This can be used for unattended network installation of new systems; see
|
|
.Xr diskless 8
|
|
for details.
|
|
.Ss PREAMBLE
|
|
The preamble consists of installer settings.
|
|
These control global installation parameters (see
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.Sx ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES )
|
|
as well as disk partitioning.
|
|
The preamble is interpreted as a
|
|
.Xr sh 1
|
|
script run at the very beginning of the install.
|
|
If more complicated behavior than setting these variables is desired,
|
|
arbitrary commands can be run here to extend the installer.
|
|
In addition to the variables in
|
|
.Sx ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES ,
|
|
in particular
|
|
.Ev DISTRIBUTIONS ,
|
|
the preamble can contain a variable
|
|
.Ev PARTITIONS
|
|
which is passed to the
|
|
.Cm scriptedpart
|
|
target to control disk setup.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Alternatively,
|
|
to use
|
|
.Cm zfsboot
|
|
instead of
|
|
.Cm partedit ,
|
|
the preamble can contain the variable
|
|
.Ev ZFSBOOT_DATASETS
|
|
instead of
|
|
.Ev PARTITIONS
|
|
(see below).
|
|
If using .Cm zfsboot, the variables
|
|
.Ev ZFSBOOT_DISKS
|
|
and
|
|
.Ev ZFSBOOT_VDEV_TYPE
|
|
must be set to create the pool of disks for the base system.
|
|
Usually, for a mirrored booting disk, this two variables looks like this:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
ZFSBOOT_DISKS="ada0 ada1"
|
|
ZFSBOOT_VDEV_TYPE=mirror
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Remember to export all the variables for the
|
|
.Cm zfsboot
|
|
command, otherwise installation will fail.
|
|
.Ss SETUP SCRIPT
|
|
Following the preamble is an optional shell script, beginning with a #!
|
|
declaration.
|
|
This script will be run at the end of the installation process inside a
|
|
.Xr chroot 8
|
|
environment in the newly installed system and can be used to set up
|
|
configuration files, install packages, etc.
|
|
Note that newly configured system services, e.g., networking have not
|
|
been started in the installed system at this time and only installation
|
|
host services are available.
|
|
.Ss ZFS DATASETS
|
|
If using
|
|
.Cm zfsboot
|
|
in an installation script, the
|
|
.Cm zfsboot
|
|
partitioning tool takes the
|
|
.Ev ZFSBOOT_DATASETS
|
|
variable to create the ZFS datasets on the base system.
|
|
This variable definition can become large if the pool contains many datasets.
|
|
The default value of the
|
|
.Ev ZFSBOOT_DATASETS
|
|
is:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
# DATASET OPTIONS (comma or space separated; or both)
|
|
|
|
# Boot Environment [BE] root and default boot dataset
|
|
/$ZFSBOOT_BEROOT_NAME mountpoint=none
|
|
/$ZFSBOOT_BEROOT_NAME/$ZFSBOOT_BOOTFS_NAME mountpoint=/
|
|
|
|
# Compress /tmp, allow exec but not setuid
|
|
/tmp mountpoint=/tmp,exec=on,setuid=off
|
|
|
|
# Do not mount /usr so that 'base' files go to the BEROOT
|
|
/usr mountpoint=/usr,canmount=off
|
|
|
|
# Home directories separated so they are common to all BEs
|
|
/usr/home # NB: /home is a symlink to /usr/home
|
|
|
|
# Ports tree
|
|
/usr/ports setuid=off
|
|
|
|
# Source tree (compressed)
|
|
/usr/src
|
|
|
|
# Create /var and friends
|
|
/var mountpoint=/var,canmount=off
|
|
/var/audit exec=off,setuid=off
|
|
/var/crash exec=off,setuid=off
|
|
/var/log exec=off,setuid=off
|
|
/var/mail atime=on
|
|
/var/tmp setuid=off
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The first column is the name of the dataset to be created as part of the
|
|
.Ev ZFSBOOT_POOL_NAME
|
|
pool and the remainder of each line contains the options to be set on each dataset.
|
|
If multiple options are given, they can be separated by either commas or whitespace;
|
|
everything following a pound/hash character is ignored as a comment.
|
|
.Ss BUILDING AUTOMATIC INSTALL MEDIA
|
|
If building automatic install media, use tar to extract a release ISO:
|
|
.Dl mkdir release-media
|
|
.Dl tar xvf -C release-media FreeBSD-13.0-RELEASE-amd64-disc1.iso
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Then place a script as above in
|
|
.Pa etc/installerconfig
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This directory can then be used directly as an NFS root for
|
|
.Xr diskless 8
|
|
installations or it can be rebuilt into an ISO image using the release scripts in
|
|
.Pa /usr/src/release .
|
|
For example, on amd64:
|
|
.Dl sh /usr/src/release/amd64/mkisoimages.sh -b '13_0_RELEASE_AMD64_CD' output.iso release-media
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
This version of
|
|
.Nm
|
|
first appeared in
|
|
.Fx 9.0 .
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.An Nathan Whitehorn Aq Mt nwhitehorn@FreeBSD.org
|
|
.An Devin Teske Aq Mt dteske@FreeBSD.org
|
|
.An Allan Jude Aq Mt allanjude@FreeBSD.org
|