User PPP Packet Aliasing
0. Contents
1. Background
2. Setup
3. New commands in ppp
4. Future Work
5. Authors / Acknowledgements
6. Revision History for Aliasing Code
1. Background
User mode ppp has embedded packet aliasing (IP masquerading) code.
Enabling this, either by the "-alias" command line option or the
"alias enable yes" command in a ppp.conf file, makes the ppp host
automatically alias IP packets forwarded from a local network, making
them appear to come from the ppp host machine. Incoming packets
from the outside world are then appropriately de-aliased.
The process of aliasing involves both the IP address and the TCP or UDP
port numbers. ICMP echo and timestamp packets are aliased by their id
numbers. ICMP error messages can be properly directed by examining the
fragment of the offending packet which is contained in the body of the
message.
This software was specifically meant to support users who have
unregistered, private address IP networks (e.g. 192.168.0.x or 10.0.0.x
addresses). The ppp host can act as a gateway for these networks, and
computers on the local area net will have some degree of Internet access
without the need for a registered IP address. Additionally, there will
be no need for an Internet service provider to maintain routing tables
for the local area network.
A disadvantage of packet aliasing is that machines on the local network,
behind the ppp host, are not visible from the outside world. They can
establish TCP connections and make UDP inquiries (such as domain name
service requests) but the connections seem to come from the ppp host
itself. There is, in effect, a partial firewall. Of course, if this is
what you want, the disadvantage becomes an advantage.
A second disadvantage is that "IP encoding" protocols, which send IP
address or port information within the data stream, are not supported
for the cases where exception code exists. This implementation has
workarounds for FTP and IRC DCC, the most well known of the IP encoding
protocols. This frees users from depending on using the ftp passive
mode and avoiding IRC DCC sends, as is sometimes the case with other
masquerading solutions.
The implementation supports all standard, non-encoding TCP and UDP protocols.
Examples of these protocols are http, gopher and telnet. The standard UDP
mode of Real-Audio is not presently supported, but the TCP mode does work
correctly.
The packet aliasing code also handle many ICMP messages. In particular,
ping and traceroute are supported.
2. Packet Aliasing Setup
It is recommended that users first verify correct ppp operation without
packet aliasing enabled. This will confirm that the ppp.conf file is
properly set up and that there are no ppp problems. Then start ppp with
the "-alias" option on the command line. The user should verify that
the ppp host can correctly connect to the Internet in packet aliasing
mode. Finally, check that machines on the private network can access
the Internet.
The masquerading software aliases all packets, whether they come from
the host or another computer on the local area network. Thus, a correctly
operating ppp host indicates that the software should work properly for
other computers on the private network.
If the ppp host can access the Internet, but other computers on the local
network cannot, check that IP forwarding is enabled on the ppp host. Also,
verify that the other computers use this machine as a gateway. Of course,
you should also verify that machines within the local area network
communicate properly. A common error is inconsistent subnet addresses
and masks.
3. New commands in ppp
In order to control aliasing behaviour in a simple manner (no need for
recompilation), a new command has been added to ppp: alias. This
is in addition to the -alias command line option. System managers and
more experienced users may prefer to use the ppp command syntax
within the ppp.conf file. The alias command also allows packet aliasing
behaviour to be more precisely specified.
The decision to add a command instead of extending 'set' or 'option' was
to make obvious that these options only work when aliasing is enabled.
The syntax for 'alias' is
ppp> alias option [yes|no]
where option is given by one of the following templates.
- alias enable [yes|no] (default no)
Enable packet aliasing functionality. If disabled, no other alias
options will have any effect. You should usually enable aliasing
before routing any packets over the link; good points are in the
initial script or right before adding a route. If you do not always
want aliasing, consider using the -alias option to ppp instead of this
command.
- alias deny_incoming [yes|no] (default yes)
Set to "yes" to disable all incoming connections. This just drops
connections to, for example, ftp, telnet or web servers. The aliasing
mechanism prevents these connections. Technically, this option denies
all incoming TCP and UDP requests, making the aliasing software a
fairly efficient one-way firewall. The default is no, which will allow
all incoming connections to telnetd, ftpd, etc.
- alias log [yes|no]
Controls logging of alias link creation to "/var/log/alias.log" - this
is usually only useful if debugging a setup, to see if the bug is in
the PPP aliasing. The debugging information is fairly limited, listing
the number of aliasing links open for different protocols.
- alias same_ports [yes|no] (default yes)
When a connection is being established going through the aliasing
routines, it will normally have its port number changed to allow the
aliasing code to track it. If same_ports is enabled, the alias
software attempts to keep the connection's source port unchanged.
This will allow rsh, RPC and other specialised protocols to work
_most of the time_, at least on the host machine. Please, do not
report this being unstable as a bug - it is a result of the way
aliasing has to work. TCP/IP was intended to have one IP address
per machine.
- alias use_sockets [yes|no] (default yes)
This is a fairly obscure option. For the most part, the packet aliasing
software does not have to allocate system sockets when it chooses an
aliasing port number. Under very specific circumstances, FTP data
connections (which don't know the remote port number, though it is
usually 20) and IRC DCC send (which doesn't know either the address or
the port from which the connection will come), there can potentially be
some interference with an open server socket having the same port number
on the ppp host machine. This possibility for interference only exists
until the TCP connection has been acknowledged on both sides. The safe
option is yes, though fewer system resources are consumed by specifying
no.
- alias unregistered_only [yes|no] (default no)
Packet aliasing normally remaps all packets coming from the local area
network to the ppp host machine address. Set this option to only map
addresses from the following standard ranges for private, unregistered
addresses:
10.0.0.0 -> 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 -> 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 -> 192.168.255.255 */
In the instance that there is a subnet of public addresses and another
subnet of private addresses being routed by the ppp host, then only the
packets on the private subnet will be aliased.
- alias port <proto> <local addr>:<port> <alias port>
This command allows incoming traffic to <alias port> on the host
machine to be redirected to a specific machine and port on the
local area network. One example of this would be:
alias port tcp 192.168.0.4:telnet 8066
All traffic to port 8066 of the ppp host would then be sent to
the telnet port (23) of machine 192.168.0.4. Port numbers
can either be designated numerically or by symbolic names
listed in /etc/services. Similarly, addresses can be either
in dotted quad notation or in /etc/hosts.
- alias addr <local addr> <public addr>
This command allows traffic for a public IP address to be
redirected to a machine on the local network. This function
is known as "static NAT". An address assignment of 0 refers
to the default address of the ppp host. Normally static
NAT is useful if your ISP has allocated a small block of
IP addresses to the user, but it can even be used in the
case of a single, dynamically allocated IP address:
alias addr 10.0.0.8 0
The above command would redirect all incoming traffic to
machine 10.0.0.8.
If several address aliases specify the same public address
as follows
alias addr 192.168.0.2 public_addr
alias addr 192.168.0.3 public_addr
alias addr 192.168.0.4 public_addr
then incoming traffic will be directed to the last
translated local address (192.168.0.4), but outgoing
traffic to the first two addresses will still be aliased
to the specified public address.
4. Future Work
What is called packet aliasing here has been variously called masquerading,
network address translation (NAT) and transparent proxying by others. It
is an extremely useful function to many users, but it is also necessarily
imperfect. The occasional IP-encoding protocols always need workarounds
(hacks). Users who are interested in supporting new IP-encoding protocols
can follow the examples of alias_ftp.c and alias_irc.c.
ICMP error messages are currently handled only in the incoming direction.
A handler needs to be added to correctly alias outgoing error messages.
IRC and FTP exception handling make reasonable, though not strictly correct
assumptions, about how IP encoded messages will appear in the control
stream. Programmers may wish to consider how to make this process more
robust.
The packet aliasing engine (alias.c, alias_db.c, alias_ftp.c, alias_irc.c
and alias_util.c) runs in user space, and is intended to be both portable
and reusable for interfaces other than ppp. To access the basic engine
only requires four simple function calls (initialisation, communication of
host address, outgoing aliasing and incoming de-aliasing).
5. Authors / Acknowledgements
Charles Mott (cmott@srv.net) <versions 1.0 - 1.8, 2.0, 2.1>
Eivind Eklund (perhaps@yes.no) <versions 1.8b - 1.9, new ppp commands>
Listed below, in chronological order, are individuals who have provided
valuable comments and/or debugging assistance.
Gary Roberts
Tom Torrance
Reto Burkhalter
Martin Renters
Brian Somers
Paul Traina
Ari Suutari
J. Fortes
Andrzej Bialeki
6. Revision History for Aliasing Code
Version 1.0: August 11, 1996 (cjm)
Version 1.1: August 20, 1996 (cjm)
PPP host accepts incoming connections for ports 0 to 1023.
Version 1.2: September 7, 1996 (cjm)
Fragment handling error in alias_db.c corrected.
Version 1.3: September 15, 1996 (cjm)
- Generalised mechanism for handling incoming connections
(no more 0 to 1023 restriction).
- Increased ICMP support (will handle traceroute now).
- Improved TCP close connection logic.
Version 1.4: September 16, 1996
Can't remember (this version only lasted a day -- cjm).
Version 1.5: September 17, 1996 (cjm)
Corrected error in handling incoming UDP packets
with zero checksum.
Version 1.6: September 18, 1996
Simplified ICMP data storage. Will now handle
tracert from Win95 as well as FreeBSD traceroute.
Version 1.7: January 9, 1997 (cjm)
- Reduced malloc() activity for ICMP echo and
timestamp requests.
- Added handling for out-of-order IP fragments.
- Switched to differential checksum computation
for IP headers (TCP, UDP and ICMP checksums
were already differential).
- Accepts FTP data connections from other than
port 20. This allows one ftp connections
from two hosts which are both running packet
aliasing.
Version 1.8: January 14, 1997 (cjm)
- Fixed data type error in function StartPoint()
in alias_db.c (this bug did not exist before v1.7)
Version 1.8b: January 16, 1997 (Eivind Eklund <perhaps@yes.no>)
- Upgraded base PPP version to be the source code from
FreeBSD 2.1.6, with additional security patches. This
version should still be possible to run on 2.1.5, though -
I've run it with a 2.1.5 kernel without problems.
(Update done with the permission of cjm)
Version 1.9: February 1, 1997 (Eivind Eklund <perhaps@yes.no>)
- Added support for IRC DCC (ee)
- Changed the aliasing routines to use ANSI style throughout -
minor API changes for integration with other programs than PPP (ee)
- Changed the build process, making all options switchable
from the Makefile (ee)
- Fixed minor security hole in alias_ftp.c for other applications
of the aliasing software. Hole could _not_ manifest in
PPP+pktAlias, but could potentially manifest in other
applications of the aliasing. (ee)
- Connections initiated from packet aliasing host machine will
not have their port number aliased unless it conflicts with
an aliasing port already being used. (There is an option to
disable this for debugging) (cjm)
- Sockets will be allocated in cases where there might be
port interference with the host machine. This can be disabled
in cases where the ppp host will be acting purely as a
masquerading router and not generate any traffic of its own.
(cjm)
Version 2.0: March, 1997 (cjm)
- Incoming packets which are not recognised by the packet
aliasing engine are now completely dropped in ip.c.
- Aliasing links are cleared when a host interface address
changes (due to re-dial and dynamic address allocation).
- PacketAliasPermanentLink() API added.
- Option for only aliasing private, unregistered IP addresses
added.
- Substantial rework to the aliasing lookup engine.
Version 2.1: May, 1997 (cjm)
- Continuing rework to the aliasing lookup engine to support
multiple incoming addresses and static NAT.
- Now supports outgoing as well as incoming ICMP error messages/
- PPP commands to support address and port redirection.
e722aa17f8